A Current Bibliography on African Affairs - Baywood Publishing

392 / A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS
control strategies need to take into account reinfection as an important cause of
recurrent TB.
1305. Chasela, C. et al. RISK FACTORS FOR LATE POSTNATAL TRANSMIS-
SION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 IN SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008, 27(3):251-256.
We conducted secondary data analyses of a clinical trial (HIVNET 024) to assess risk
factors for late postnatal transmission (LPT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
(HIV-1) through breast-feeding. In this breast-feeding population, 6.9% of infants uninfected
at 6 weeks of age acquired HIV-1 infection by 12 months. Making interventions to
decrease the risk of LPT of HIV-1 available and continuing research regarding the
mechanisms of LPT (so as to develop improved interventions to reduce such transmission)
remain essential.
1306. Chhabra, M. et al. CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER: A RE-EMERGING VIRAL
INFECTION. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2008, 26(1):5-12.
Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is a re-emerging viral disease characterized by abrupt onset
of fever with severe arthralgia followed by constitutional symptoms and rash lasting for 1-7
days. The disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a
RNA virus belonging to family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. Molecular characterization
has demonstrated two distinct lineages of strains which cause epidemics in Africa and Asia.
These geographical genotypes exhibit differences in the transmission cycles. In contrast to
Africa where sylvatic cycle is maintained between monkeys and wild mosquitoes, in Asia
the cycle continues between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
1307. Clark, T. D. et al. FACTORS DETERMINING THE HETEROGENEITY OF
MALARIA INCIDENCE IN CHILDREN IN KAMPALA, UGANDA. The Journal of
Infectious Diseases. 2008, 198(3):393-400.
Malaria risk may be heterogeneous in urban areas of Africa. Identifying those at highest
risk for malaria may lead to more targeted approaches to malaria control. The distance of the
subject’s residence from a swamp bordering the parish showed a strong “dose-response”
relationship; living in the swamp was the strongest predictor of malaria risk. Malaria
incidence was highly heterogeneous in this urban cohort of children. Malaria control
interventions in urban areas should target populations living in pockets of high malaria risk.
1308. Coffey, P. S. et al. SHORT-TERM ACCEPTABILITY OF A SINGLE-SIZE
DIAPHRAGM AMONG COUPLES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THAILAND. The Journal
of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008, 34(4):233-236.
The SILCS diaphragm is a new, reusable, single-size cervical barrier device that is
designed to offer the same barrier protection as a standard diaphragm with improved user
acceptability. Women from both sites reported that the SILCS diaphragm was easy to use
and provided good comfort and sensation in over 80% of all product uses. Men from both
sites reported good comfort and sensation in over 60% of all product uses. The SILCS
diaphragm appears to be acceptable to women and men in low-resource settings. These data
suggest that the SILCS design should be tested in broader populations to assess
effectiveness and acceptability.