Parasites and Biliary stones

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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ١٢٦ Reasons for failed ERCP Failure of cannulation Previous gastrectomy Periampullary diverticulum Previous whipple operation Previous roux-en-y choledochojejunostomy ERCP with oesophageal perforation Failure of extraction Impacted stone Incomplete stone clearance after multiple attempts Type II Mirrizi syndrome Relative common bile duct stricture Situs inversus Stent migration into common bile duct Repeated post-ERCP pancratitis Post-ES duodenal perforation Table (5): Reasons for failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (Tang et al., 2006) Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: ERCP can cause a wide range of complications. In general, complications appear to be associated primarily with patients related factors and technical skill of the endoscopist (Freeman, 2002).
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ١٢٧ The complications of ERCP are listed by Freeman (2002) includes: Pancreatitis Cholecystitis Hemorrhage Stent-related Perforation Cardiopulmonary Cholangitis Miscellaneous In 1991, cotton and Consensus Panel of experts in the field introduced a standardized outcome-based set of definitions for complications of ERCP (table 6). Complication * Mild Moderate Severe + Pancreatitis Bleeding Perforation Infection (cholangitis) Clinical pancreatitis, amylase at least 3x normal > 25 hours after procedure, requiring admission or prolongation of planned admission to 2-3 days Clinical (i.e. not just endoscopic) evidence of bleeding Hemoglobin drop 38ºC for 24-48 hours Pancreatitis requiring hospitalization of 4-10 days Transfusion (≤ 4 units), no angiographic intervention or surgery Any definite perforation treated medically 4-10 days. Febrile or septic illness requiring > 3 days of hospital treatment or endoscopic percutaneous intervention Hospitalization > 10 days,or hemorrhagic pancreatitis, phlegmon, pseudocyst, or (percutaneous drainage or surgery) Transfusion ≥ 5 units, or intervention (angiographic or surgical) Medical treatment > 10 days, or intervention (percutaneous or surgical) Septic shock or surgery Table (6): Consensus definitions for the major complications of ERCP (Cotton et al., 1991) *Other rarer compilations can be graded by length of needed hospitalization. + Any intensive care unit admission after a procedure grades the complication as severe. ERCP = Endoscopic Retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
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Parasites and Biliary stones Essay
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Dedication TO MY BELOVED DEAR MOTHE
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Abstract Gall stone disease remains
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MTBE : ML : Methyl tertiary butyl e
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Figure (14): Cystic echinococcosis:
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List of tables Table (1): Diagnosis
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Introduction ٢ Clonorchis sinensis
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Billiary parasites ٤ Billiary para
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Billiary parasites ٦ Treatment: Fi
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Ascariasis ٨ Ascariasis Ascariasis
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Ascariasis ١٠ migration. Symptoms
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Ascariasis ١٢ conditions, includi
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Fascioliasis ١٤ (Acuna-Soto and B
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Fascioliasis ١٦ can demonstrate p
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Fascioliasis ١٨ which is more phy
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Fascioliasis ٢٠ Figure (5): ERCP
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Clonorchiasis ٢٢ Clonorchiasis Cl
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Clonorchiasis ٢٤ correlate with t
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Clonorchiasis ٢٦ end is broad and
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Clonorchiasis ٢٨ 2003). Ultrasono
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Clonorchiasis ٣٠ The main indicat
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Opisthorchiasis ٣٢ Life cycle: Th
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Opisthorchiasis ٣٤ periductal fib
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Opisthorchiasis ٣٦ (Sirisinha, 19
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Dicrocoeliasis ٣٨ ganglion (brain
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Dicrocoeliasis ٤٠ assay for egg d
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Echinococcosis ٤٢ Echinococcosis
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Echinococcosis ٤٤ Adult worm infe
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Echinococcosis ٤٦ metacestodes in
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Echinococcosis ٤٨ Figure (15) (a)
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Echinococcosis ٥٠ relapsed after
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Cryptosporidiosis ٥٢ Cryptosporid
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Cryptosporidiosis ٥٤ malnutrition
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Cryptosporidiosis ٥٦ levels. If t
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Giardiasis ٥٨ the alkaline, prote
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Giardiasis ٦٠ diagnosis must be c
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Giardiasis ٦٢ used for 14 days (B
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Gallbladder stones ٦٤ stage is es
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Gallbladder stones ٦٦ Complicatio
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Gallbladder stones ٦٨ 25% within
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Choledocholithiasis ٧٠ encountere
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Choledocholithiasis ٧٢ The sympto
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Choledocholithiasis ٧٤ Patients w
Page 88 and 89: Choledocholithiasis ٧٦ and ERCP (
Page 90 and 91: Choledocholithiasis ٧٨ Figure (16
Page 92 and 93: Treatment of calcular obstructive j
Page 98 and 99: Hepatolithiasis ٨٦ aerobes, sugge
Page 100 and 101: Hepatolithiasis ٨٨ Clinical pictu
Page 102 and 103: Hepatolithiasis ٩٠ dilatation). T
Page 104 and 105: Hepatolithiasis ٩٢ Hepatic resect
Page 106 and 107: Relationship between Ascaris and bi
Page 108 and 109: Relationship between clonorchis sin
Page 110 and 111: Relationship between opisthorchiasi
Page 112 and 113: Relationship between Echinococcosis
Page 114 and 115: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanc
Page 150 and 151: Summary and conclusion ١٣٨ Paras
Page 152 and 153: References ١٤٠ Aliperti G. (1996
Page 154 and 155: References ١٤٢ Badie, A. and Rod
Page 156 and 157: References ١٤٤ Binmoeller KF, Se
Page 158 and 159: References ١٤٦ Campo R, Manga-Go
Page 160 and 161: References ١٤٨ Cheung KL and Lai
Page 162 and 163: References ١٥٠ Costamagna G, Sha
Page 164 and 165: References ١٥٢ Ditrich O, Palkov
Page 166 and 167: References ١٥٤ Elkins DB, Mairia
Page 168 and 169: References ١٥٦ Flanagan PA. (199
Page 170 and 171: References ١٥٨ Giurgiu DIN and R
Page 172 and 173: References ١٦٠ Harinasuta C and
Page 174 and 175: References ١٦٢ Hixson LJ, Fenner
Page 176 and 177: References ١٦٤ Jastak JT and Pes
Page 178 and 179: References ١٦٦ Kaufman HS, Magnu
Page 180 and 181: References ١٦٨ Koumanidou C, Man
Page 182 and 183: References ١٧٠ Leung J, Sung JY,
Page 184 and 185: References ١٧٢ Lujan HD, Mowatt
Page 186 and 187: References ١٧٤ Menghebat L, Jian
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References ١٧٦ Nagano I, Pei F,
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References ١٧٨ relationship to t
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References ١٨٠ Ponchon T, Gagnon
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References ١٨٢ Rim HJ, Lyu KS, L
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References ١٨٤ Sato T, Suzuki N,
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References ١٨٦ Shemesh E, Czerni
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References ١٨٨ Stapfer M, Selby
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References ١٩٠ sphincterotomy in
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References ١٩٢ Upatham ES, Brokl
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References ١٩٤ Wermke W and Borg
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References ١٩٦ ProspecT Giardia
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تﺎﻗﺎﻨﺘﺧﻹا ﻦﻳﻮ
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ﺔﻳراﺮﻤﻟا تاﻮﺼﺤ
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Parasites and Biliary stones

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