Parasites and Biliary stones

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ١٣٥
migrating stents are usually expelled with stool, whereas proximally
migrating stents are removed endoscopically. Stents can also be
incorrectly placed at the time of the procedure. Imaging findings in stent
migration are atypical location of the stent and bowel impaction in colonic
diverticula (Aliperti, 1996).
7- Long term complications and sequelae:
There is increasing concern about the possible long term sequelae of
endoscopic sphincterotomy. These include: Recurrent stone formation,
Sphincterotomy stenosis, Bacterobilia resulting from duodenal biliary
reflux, and cholangitis (Bergman et al., 1996).
ERCP during pregnancy:
The most common indication for ERCP during pregnancy is
treatment of choledocholithiasis. Choledocholithiasis that causes
cholangitis and pancreatitis during pregnancy increases the risk of
morbidity and mortality for both the fetus and mother. ERCP, with
modified techniques to reduce radiation exposure to the fetus, is safe
during pregnancy (Kahaleh et al., 2004 and Simmons et al., 2004)
ERCP in children:
ERCP has been used in children for a variety of indications, usually
related to recurrent acute pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, or evaluation
of suspected choledochal cysts. The success and the safety of ERCP in
children in experienced hands is comparable with that in adults (Hsu et
al., 2000 and Varadarajuluet al., 2004).
ERCP in the pediatric age group is safe both as a diagnostic and
therapeutic procedure. ERCP can provide valuable information which aid
in the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic diseases in children as well as