Lung Cancer.pdf

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Prevention and Early Detection of Lung Cancer 277 In 1,000 patients, 27 lung cancers were detected with CT, 23 of which were early stage, and 7 lung cancers were detected with chest radiography, 4 of which were early stage. Although these studies show the potential promise of spiral CT in screening patients at high risk for lung cancer, additional trials will be needed before routine CT scanning in patients at risk can be deemed effective. Positron Emission Tomography Positron emission tomography scanning is increasingly being used in the staging of various cancers. Its role in screening for early detection of lung cancer, however, has not been defined. Suggested Readings Adler I. Primary Malignant Growths of the Lung and Bronchi: A Pathological and Clinical Study. London, England: Longmans, Green; 1912. Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029–1035. Auerbach O, Gere JB, Forman JB, et al. Changes in the bronchial epithelium in relation to smoking and cancer of the lung. N Engl J Med 1957;256:98–104. Ayoub J, Jean-Francois R, Cormier Y, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of 13-cis-retinoic acid activity on retinoic acid receptor-beta expression in a population at high risk: implications for chemoprevention of lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3546–3552. Benner SE, Pajak TF, Lippman SM, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:140–141. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 1996;276:1957–1963. Hennekans CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1145–1149. Henschke CI, McCauley DI, Yankelevitz DF, et al. Early Lung Cancer Action Project: overall design and findings from baseline screening. Lancet 1999; 354:99–105. Hida T, Yatabe Y, Achiwa H, et al. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1998;58:3761–3764. Hong WK, Endicott J, Itri LM, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1501–1505. Hong WK, Lippman SM, Itri LM, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 1990;323:795–801.
278 E.S. Kim and F.R. Khuri Hong WK, Spitz MR, Lippman SM. Cancer chemoprevention in the 21st century: genetics, risk modeling, and molecular targets. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(suppl 21):9s-18s. Hong WK, Sporn MB. Recent advances in chemoprevention of cancer. Science 1997;278:1073–1077. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1195–1202. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:685–691. Kaneko M, Kusumoto M, Kobayashi T, et al. Computed tomography screening for lung carcinoma in Japan. Cancer 2000;89(11 suppl):2485–2488. Khuri FR, Kim ES, Lee JJ, et al. The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001a;10:823–829. Khuri FR, Lee JS, Lippman SM, et al. Modulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the bronchial epithelium of smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001b;10:311–318. Khuri FR, Lotan R, Kemp BL, et al. Retinoic acid receptor-beta as a prognostic indicator in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2798–2804. Kim ES, Glisson BS, Meyers ML, et al. A phase I/II study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) SCH66336 with paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors abstract. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2001;42. Abstract 2629. Kim ES, Hong WK, Khuri FR. Prevention of lung cancer. The new millennium. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2000;10:663–690. Kurie JM, Lee JS, Khuri FR, et al. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in the chemoprevention of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia of the bronchial epithelium. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:2973–2979. Kurie JM, Shin HJ, Lee JS, et al. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor expression in metaplastic bronchial epithelium. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1787–1793. Li JY, Taylor PR, Li B, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1492–1498. Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Karp DD, et al. Randomized phase III intergroup trial of isotretinoin to prevent second primary tumors in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:605–618. Lotan R, Sozzi G, Ro J, et al. Selective suppression of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta) expression in squamous metaplasia, and in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) compared to normal bronchial epithelium. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995a;14:165. Abstract 345. Lotan R, Xu XC, Lippman SM, et al. Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up-regulation by isotretinoin. N Engl J Med 1995b;332:1405–1410. Mestre JR, Subbaramaiah K, Sacks PG, et al. Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-induced transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1997;57:2890–2895. Moasser MM, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Kohl NE, et al. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors cause enhanced mitotic sensitivity to Taxol and epothilones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:1369–1374.
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Lung Cancer Frank V. Fossella, MD R
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Frank V. Fossella, MD Department of
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vi Foreword possible. Since the res
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x Contents Chapter 7 Surgical Treat
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xii Contributors Joe B. Putnam, Jr.
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2 J.B. Putnam, Jr., F.V. Fossella,
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26 F.V. Fossella common sites of lu
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28 F.V. Fossella history and physic
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30 F.V. Fossella Computed Tomograph
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32 F.V. Fossella Pulmonary Function
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34 F.V. Fossella The use of flexibl
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36 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus hav
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38 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus che
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40 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus tha
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42 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus (Gu
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44 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus A B
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46 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus in
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48 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus Pat
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50 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus D C
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52 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus A B
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54 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus Bol
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56 R.F. Munden and J.J. Erasmus Swe
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58 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Chapter O
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60 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Figure 4-
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62 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Postopera
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64 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Table 4-1
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66 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Atypical
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68 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Diffuse I
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70 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro noma. Cig
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72 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Figure 4-
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74 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro alone. BA
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76 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Other Mal
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78 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Electron
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80 P. Tamboli and J.Y. Ro Niho S, Y
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82 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh Chapt
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84 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh Figur
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86 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh guide
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88 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh with
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Figure 5-2. Patient “pathway to r
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94 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh Recov
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98 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh KEY P
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100 Y. De Jesus and G.L. Walsh Jenn
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102 W.R. Smythe nation for these su
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104 W.R. Smythe patient reports of
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106 W.R. Smythe bar or limited lung
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108 W.R. Smythe hospitals for 149 p
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110 W.R. Smythe Figure 6-1. Postsur
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112 W.R. Smythe nant neoplasms has
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114 W.R. Smythe Future Directions F
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116 W.R. Smythe Henschke CI, McCaul
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7 SURGICAL TREATMENT OF LOCALLY ADV
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120 S.G. Swisher Treatment Options
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122 S.G. Swisher Initial Assessment
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124 S.G. Swisher Figure 7-1. Region
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126 S.G. Swisher Table 7-2. (contin
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128 S.G. Swisher upper paratracheal
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130 S.G. Swisher is performed only
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132 S.G. Swisher chance for long-te
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134 S.G. Swisher Pancoast tumors th
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136 S.G. Swisher A B Figure 7-2. Do
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138 S.G. Swisher a combination of t
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140 S.G. Swisher Dartevelle PG, Cha
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8 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF EARLY-ST
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144 R. Komaki morbid conditions pre
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146 R. Komaki and 26 patients had c
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148 R. Komaki Around 1998, by using
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150 R. Komaki Table 8-5. Survival a
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152 R. Komaki A total of 610 patien
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154 R. Komaki tially obstructed air
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156 R. Komaki report of Radiation T
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9 TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANC
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160 R. Zinner chemotherapy, in pati
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Table 9-1. Chemotherapy in Older Pa
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164 R. Zinner results of additional
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Table 9-3. Third-Generation-Agent M
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Table 9-4. Third-Generation Agents
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Table 9-5. Third-Generation Platinu
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Table 9-6. Comparisons between Diff
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174 R. Zinner may play an important
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Table 9-8. Third-Generation Cisplat
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178 R. Zinner wards higher survival
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180 R. Zinner KEY PRACTICE POINTS
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182 R. Zinner DeVore RF, Fehrenbach
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184 R. Zinner Perng RP, Chen YM, Mi
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10 TREATMENT OF LIMITED-STAGE SMALL
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188 R. Komaki Age is not a signific
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190 R. Komaki lished between 1979 a
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Table 10-1. Complete Response Rates
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194 R. Komaki twice daily to a tota
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196 R. Komaki Intergroup study 0096
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198 R. Komaki Figure 10-1. Survival
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200 R. Komaki cisplatin with concur
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202 R. Komaki KEY PRACTICE POINTS
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204 R. Komaki tients (Pts) with lim
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206 R. Komaki Wagner H, Kim K, John
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208 G.R. Blumenschein, Jr. recurs a
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210 G.R. Blumenschein, Jr. syndrome
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212 G.R. Blumenschein, Jr. toxicity
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214 G.R. Blumenschein, Jr. the year
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216 G.R. Blumenschein, Jr. is chara
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218 G.R. Blumenschein, Jr. new cyto
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12 PALLIATIVE CARE IN PATIENTS WITH
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222 J.B. Putnam, Jr. therapy. Patie
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224 J.B. Putnam, Jr. tion—includi
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Page 269 and 270: 14 PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION O
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Page 295 and 296: 282 W.N. Hittelman, J.M. Kurie, and
Page 313 and 314: 300 Index Anterior spinal column re
Page 315 and 316: 302 Index Cardiac murmurs, 104 Card
Page 317 and 318: 304 Index Diagnosis. See also under
Page 319 and 320: 306 Index Growth. See Tumor growth
Page 321 and 322: 308 Index Magnetic resonance (MR) i
Page 323 and 324: 310 Index p16 gene, 285 p19 arf gen
Page 325 and 326: 312 Index Pulmonary resection (cont
Page 327 and 328: 314 Index Squamous metaplasia, 263-
Page 329: 316 Index Vitamin A, 262 Vocal cord
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