<strong>PCR</strong> Specificity and Performance 23 19. Persson, A., Pettersson, B., Bölske, G., and Johansson, K.-E. (1999) Diagnosis <strong>of</strong> contagious bovine pleuropneumonia by <strong>PCR</strong>-laser-induced fluorescence and <strong>PCR</strong>-restriction endonuclease analysis based on the 16S rRNA genes <strong>of</strong> Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 3815–3821. 20. Wang, R.F., Cao, W.W., Franklin, W., Campbell, W., and Cerniglia, C.E. (1994) A 16S rDNA-based <strong>PCR</strong> method for rapid and specific detection <strong>of</strong> Clostridium perfringens in food. Mol. Cell. Probes 8, 131–138. 21. Lantz, P. G., Knutsson, R., Blixt, Y., Al Soud, W. A., Borch, E., and Radström P. (1998) <strong>Detection</strong> <strong>of</strong> pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in enrichment media and pork by a multiplex <strong>PCR</strong>: a study <strong>of</strong> sample preparation and <strong>PCR</strong>-inhibitory components. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 45, 93–105. 22. Subramaniam, S., Chua, K. L., Tan, H. M., Loh, H., Kuhnert, P., and Frey, J. (1997) Phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> Riemerella anatipestifer based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, 562–565. 23. Mattsson, J. G., Guss, B., and Johansson, K. -E. (1994) The phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Mycoplasma bovis as determined by sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the 16S rRNA gene. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 115, 325–328. 24. Helgason, E., Okstad, O.A., Caugant, D.A., et al. (2000) Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis - One species on the basis <strong>of</strong> genetic evidence. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 66, 2627–2630. 25. Fermér, C. and Olsson Engvall, E. (1999) Specific <strong>PCR</strong> identification and differentiation <strong>of</strong> the thermophilic campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 3370–3373. 26. Eyers, M., Chapelle, S., van Camp, G., Goossens, H., and de Wachter, R. (1993) Dis- crimination among thermophilic Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction amplification <strong>of</strong> 23S rRNA gene fragments. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 3340–3243. 27. Everett, K. D. E., and Andersen, A. A. (1999) Identification <strong>of</strong> nine species <strong>of</strong> the Chlamydiaceae using RFLP-<strong>PCR</strong>. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, 217–224. 28. Gürtler, V. and Stanisich, V. A. (1996) New approaches to typing and identification <strong>of</strong> bacteria using the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology 142, 3–16. 29. Scheinert, P., Krausse, R., Ullmann, U., Soller, R., and Krupp, G. (1996) Molecular differentiation <strong>of</strong> bacteria by <strong>PCR</strong> amplification <strong>of</strong> the 16S–23S rRNA spacer. J. Microbiol. Meth. 26, 103–117. 30. O’Sullivan, N. A., Fallon, R., Carroll, C., Smith, T., and Maher, M. (2000) <strong>Detection</strong> and differentiation <strong>of</strong> Campylobacter coli in broiler chicken samples using a <strong>PCR</strong>/DNA probe membrane based colorimetric detection assay. Mol. Cell. Probes 14, 7–16. 31. Cartwright, C. P., Stock, F., Beekmann, S. E., Williams, E. C., and Gill, V. J. (1995) <strong>PCR</strong> amplification <strong>of</strong> rRNA intergenic spacer regions as a method for epidemiologic typing <strong>of</strong> Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 184–187. 32. Mitchell, T. G., Freedman, E. Z., White, T. J., and Taylor, J. W. (1994) Unique oligonucleotide primers in <strong>PCR</strong> for identification <strong>of</strong> Cryptococcus ne<strong>of</strong>ormans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 253–255.
24 Sachse 33. Rappelli, P., Are, R., Casu, G., Fiori, P. L., Cappuccinelli, P., and Aceti, A. (1998) Development <strong>of</strong> a nested <strong>PCR</strong> for detection <strong>of</strong> Cryptococcus ne<strong>of</strong>ormans in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 3438–3440. 34. Drebót, M., Neal, S., Schlech, W., and Rozee, K. (1996) Differentiation <strong>of</strong> Listeria isolates by <strong>PCR</strong> amplicon pr<strong>of</strong>iling and sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> 16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer loci. J. Appl. Bact. 80, 174–178. 35. O’Connor, L., Joy, J., Kane, M., Smith, T. and Maher, M.(2000) Rapid polymerase chain reaction/DNA probe membrane-based assay for the detection <strong>of</strong> Listeria and Listeria monocytogenes in food. J. Food Prot. 63, 337–342. 36. Park, H., Jang, H., Kim, C., Chung, B., Chang, C. L., Park, S. K., and Song, S. (2000) <strong>Detection</strong> and identification <strong>of</strong> mycobacteria by amplification <strong>of</strong> the internal transcribed spacer regions with genus- and species-specific <strong>PCR</strong> primers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 4080–4085. 37. Uemori, T., Asada, K., Kato, I., and Harasawa, R. (1992) Amplification <strong>of</strong> the 16S–23S spacer region in rRNA operons <strong>of</strong> mycoplasmas by the polymerase chain reaction. System Appl. Microbiol. 15, 181–186. 38. Brickell, S. K., Thomas, L. M., Long, K. A., Panaccio, M., and Widders, P. R. (1998) Development <strong>of</strong> a <strong>PCR</strong> test based on a gene region associated with the pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2, the causal agent <strong>of</strong> haemorrhagic septicaemia in Asia. Vet. Microbiol. 59, 295–307. 39. Gill, S., Belles-Isles, J., Brown, G., Gagné, S., Lemieux, C., Mercier, J. -P., and Dion, P. (1994) Identification <strong>of</strong> variability <strong>of</strong> ribosomal DNA spacer from Pseudomonas soil isolates. Can. J. Microbiol. 40, 541–547. 40. Whiley, R. A., Duke, B., Hardie, J. M., and Hall, L. M. C. (1995) Heterogeneity among 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacers <strong>of</strong> species within the Streptococcus milleri group. Microbiology 141, 1461–1467. 41. Forsman, P., Tilsala-Timisjarvi, A., and Alatossava, T. (1997) Identification <strong>of</strong> staphylococcal cause <strong>of</strong> bovine mastitis using 16S–23S rRNA spacer regions. Microbiology 143, 3491–3500. 42. Fach, P. and Guillou, J.P. (1993) <strong>Detection</strong> by in vitro amplification <strong>of</strong> the alphatoxin (phospholipase C) gene from Clostridium perfingens. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74, 61–66. 43. Buogo, C., Capaul, S., Häni, H., Frey, J., and Nicolet, J. (1995) Diagnosis <strong>of</strong> Clostridium perfringens type C enteritis in pigs using a DNA amplification technique (<strong>PCR</strong>) Zentralbl. Veterinärmed. 42, 51–58. 44. Meer, R. R. and Songer J. G. (1997) Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for genotyping Clostridium perfringens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58, 702–705. 45. Karch, H., and Meyer, T. (1989) Single primer pair for amplifying segments <strong>of</strong> distinct Shiga-like toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27, 2751–2757. 46. Feng, P., and Monday S. R. (2000) Multiplex <strong>PCR</strong> for detection <strong>of</strong> trait and virulence factors in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotypes. Mol. Cell. Probes 14, 333–337.
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74 Lübeck and Hoorfar The latter i
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76 Lübeck and Hoorfar A simple che
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78 Lübeck and Hoorfar 13. Hanai, K
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80 Lübeck and Hoorfar 43. Mitchell
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82 Lübeck and Hoorfar 70. Lawrence
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84 Lübeck and Hoorfar 98. Lantz, P
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88 Frey Table 1 Presence of the Var
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90 Frey 13. Lysis buffer: 100 mM Tr
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92 Frey as template for PCR. In add
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94 Frey strains, including all sero
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96 Frey
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98 Ewalt and Bricker (named for the
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100 Ewalt and Bricker 4. Ethidium b
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102 Ewalt and Bricker Primer Cockta
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104 Ewalt and Bricker Fig. 2. Typic
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106 Ewalt and Bricker with betaine
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108 Ewalt and Bricker unused ethidi
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110 Englen et al. which campylobact
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112 Englen et al. 18. Dehydrated cu
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114 Englen et al. 3.1.3. Fecal Samp
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116 Englen et al. respectively), an
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118 Englen et al. Fig. 1. Identific
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120 Englen et al. 3. Goossens, H.,
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122 Englen et al.
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124 Sachse and Hotzel Table 1 Compa
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126 Sachse and Hotzel Table 2 Prime
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128 Sachse and Hotzel 7. Phenol: sa
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130 Sachse and Hotzel 4. Vortex mix
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134 Sachse and Hotzel In the latter
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136 Sachse and Hotzel 17. Longbotto
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138 Popoff spastic paralysis. The g
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Table 3 Primers for Toxin Gene Dete
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142 Popoff 18. Agarose gel loading
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144 Popoff Taq reaction buffer 1X,
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146 Popoff almost all C. perfringen
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148 Popoff 2. Add to each PCR tube
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150 Popoff 7. Hielm, S., Hyyttia, E
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152 Popoff 35. Wieckowski, E., Bill
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154 Berri et al. 2. Materials 1. C.
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156 Berri et al. 3.3.2. Vaginal Swa
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158 Berri et al. Fig. 1. Trans-PCR.
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160 Berri et al. Fig. 3. Sensitivit
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162 Berri et al.
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164 Gallien The first description o
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166 Gallien
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168 Gallien 2. Materials 2.1. Bacte
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170 Gallien 10. Ethidium bromide: 1
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Table 4 Components (in µL) of 25-
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176 Gallien 3.3. Specific Isolation
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Table 6 PCR Conditions for Subtypin
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180 Gallien Fig. 3. Photographic im
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182 Gallien 3. Boyce, T. G., Swerdl
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184 Gallien enteropathogenic E. col
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186 O'Connor This chapter will desc
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188 O'Connor 2.2. PCR of Enriched F
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190 O'Connor 4. Notes 1. In enrichi
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192 O'Connor 4. O’Sullivan, N., F
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194 Lester and LeFebvre titers (4).
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200 Lester and LeFebvre 5. Swart, K
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202 Skuce et al. Table 1 Significan
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204 Skuce et al. commercial kits. E
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208 Skuce et al. 5. Disposable ster
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218 Skuce et al. Fig. 5. Spoligotyp
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220 Skuce et al. 14. Aranaz, A., Li
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222 Skuce et al.
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224 Khan Simultaneous detection of
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226 Khan 10. Incubate for 20 min at
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228 Khan 5. Periodically, multiplex
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230 Khan
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232 Hotzel et al. tis (2). Particul
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248 Kobisch and Frey PCR assay to d
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252 Kobisch and Frey 3.2.1. Prepara
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256 Kobisch and Frey References 1.
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258 Christensen et al. thrombotic m
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260 Christensen et al. Table 1 Spec
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