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CONCLUSION In this thesis, I looked at whether the process Robert Bartlett described as the “Europeanization of Europe” can be legitimately taken to include England. In particular, I looked at the period between 1066 and 1166, looking at this question from a local perspective — eastern Suffolk. There is clearly some truth in Bartlett’s ideas and their application to England as a whole and to eastern Suffolk. From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, the so-called process of “Europeanization of Europe” in some respects can be applied to eastern Suffolk. By the end of the twelfth century, this region in some respects more resembled other parts of western Europe than at the beginning of the eleventh century. Europe was more homogenised. Given the period I was looking at, two more questions became important. How much was the Norman Conquest of 1066 part of the general process of Europeanization, and what role did it play in it? The Norman Conquest, while it had its own particular circumstances, was one of a series of conquests and migrations that took place in different parts of the Continent and beyond in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 1066 brought many people from the Continent, who carried some ideas and ways of doing things with them from north western Francia. Migration from Normandy and other parts of the Frankish heartland had already started before 1066. There was, however, a basic difference between the migrations of the tenth and the eleventh centuries. Unlike in the tenth and early eleventh century, after 1066 we witness a migration of aristocrats and their followers in relatively large numbers. People at the top of society are always more influential than the ordinary people of the community and they hold the power of command in 93
their hands. In some senses they may implement what they want. Because of the numbers and position of the immigrants, the pace of change after 1066 was accelerated. Soon after the Conquest, having French first names became increasingly popular among the English, and the immigrants continued to use the French names they brought with them. In the period I was dealing with, they did not adopt English first names. The relatively recent fashion of attaching first names to toponymics among the Normans also came to be adopted by the native people. On the other hand, these toponymics, among immigrants as well as English, were increasingly of English place names. We saw some examples of this from Suffolk. The idea that the Frankish aristocratic migration into eastern Suffolk led to a complete change in the landholding system as well as the administration of land is not valid. Two of the most significant migrant landholders of eastern Suffolk immediately after 1066, Ralph the Staller and Robert Malet, already had strong connections with England and, in Ralph the Staller’s case, with eastern Suffolk. Ralph the Staller and Robert Malet’s father were already in England before 1066. It seems that after 1075 there were some alterations in the administration of shires and hundreds. The role and responsibilities of the earl were given to sheriffs. In this respect, it is clear that Normans did not carry a Carolingian system into England, since in some ways England and eastern Suffolk were more Carolingian than anything the Normans knew. In this sense, the system of local government was already Europeanised, though perhaps in its own peculiar way. The Normans had problems in coming to terms with the English system of soc and commendation. They made changes, but these alterations were not in line with any well-established 94
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I certify that I have read this the
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CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND CULTURAL
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ÖZET Onbir ve onüçüncü yüzyı
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…
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LIST OF MAPS MAP 1: Suffolk and sur
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central place of the eleventh centu
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Bartlett would argue that political
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Almost all the population, except f
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Ecclesiastical personnel, just as m
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The competitiveness of the duke and
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ailey, castles was that they were h
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the Norman Conquest in a rather dif
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means that southern and eastern Eng
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wooded, except in the north-west. P
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CHAPTER 1 MIGRANTS, NATIVES AND NAM
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Adelaide countess of Aumale Norman
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Table-4: Loes Hundred. chiefs Names
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Total Value £21 5s 9d The replacem
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king’s lands were contained in ju
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tanner, none of which may have been
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hundred manors in eleven different
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Scandinavia or Scotland. 101 In add
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conquered country. Together with Od
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lands in Cambridgeshire, Essex, Her
Page 51 and 52: Corbett, Walter Giffard was a Class
Page 53 and 54: Beuvriere in the lordship of Holder
Page 55 and 56: he visited Pope Alexander II on beh
Page 57 and 58: Simeon abbot of Ely Hervey Biturice
Page 59 and 60: had been commended to the abbey of
Page 61 and 62: Ralph the Staller was an antecessor
Page 63 and 64: Denmark or “from the Fens”. 180
Page 65 and 66: freemen’s commendation to pre-106
Page 67 and 68: East Anglia was not a dramatic chan
Page 69 and 70: were Carlford and Colneis. Bishop
Page 71 and 72: Table 9: Soc and commendation in Pa
Page 73 and 74: 1086 land of Roger Bigod. 1086 valu
Page 75 and 76: Parham 5 (cont.) of free land. 1066
Page 77 and 78: Wantisden 7 Wantisden 8 1086 land o
Page 79 and 80: into the eleventh century. It is no
Page 81 and 82: In general, all the lands that Ralp
Page 83 and 84: Although some or many of the Edrics
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 3 KNIGHTS, CASTLES AND CHUR
Page 89 and 90: Suffolk, but either they were not l
Page 91 and 92: Table 12: Castles in Suffolk 1066-1
Page 93 and 94: aristocratic society did have the e
Page 95 and 96: perhaps exceptional example of this
Page 97 and 98: secular collegiate church of Hoxne.
Page 99 and 100: certain small grants he conceded
Page 104 and 105: system in Normandy. They were chang
Page 106 and 107: Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Blythb
Page 108 and 109: Davis, R. H. C., King Stephen, 3 rd
Page 110: Sanders, I. J., English Baronies: A
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