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authoritative power to divert their men’s ability and military might towards their own goals. They also had enough economic resources to make their fortunes in the new lands. Perhaps it would not be wrong to assume that in this respect there is a similarity between the duchy of Normandy and the small principality of the Ottomans. Initially, both of these principalities were not very significant. In the course of time however, by using their economic resources and power, their leaders systematically acquired new lands. Consequently, a combination of economic wealth, manpower and authority allowed these leaders to acquire new lands: Even before the conquest of England his (William the Conqueror’s) power and authority in Normandy had been scarcely less than royal…however, their (Norman’s) most conspicuous advantage was their wealth. The conditions created by the raiding and settlement, and the fighting that went on in and around Normandy during the first half of the tenth century enabled Rollo and his early successors to possess themselves of an enormous accumulation of land and treasure. 8 One of the important questions here with regard to Bartlett’s thesis is how Frankish were the Picards, Poitevins and Lombards, and most importantly how Frankish were the Normans? We cannot consider eleventh-century Europe by today’s understanding. First of all, there were great difficulties of communication among and between societies. There were no railways, not even proper roads. 9 Rulers could not be omnipresent; other means of communication had to be found. Minting money, for instance, was one way for new rulers to make themselves known in the society. In Eastern Europe, in the Byzantine Empire, the situation was the same. It had far-flung lands and in different parts of the empire there were regional differences, even though the language of the elite, religion, basic system of land tenure, and legal system — the core elements of the society — were the same. 8 Le Patourel, Norman Empire, pp. 280-5. 9 Davis, Constantine to St Louis, p. 4. 5
Almost all the population, except for some minority groups, belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church, and the administrative system from the seventh to the twelfth century was based on the Θέµα throughout. 10 The Carolingian Empire had left a similar, if less sophisticated set of structures. And to some extent, Picards, Poitevins and Normans shared some common values and implemented similar systems. In this sense, they were all Frankish. In all parts of the old Carolingian Empire the nobles had tended to base their power on descent from prominent ancestors. 11 In the eastern Carolingian Empire, in Germany though not there uniquely, both maternal (cognatio) and paternal (agnatio) ties were highly important. Through intermarriages therefore, German aristocrats had tried to create powerful families. Timothy Reuter agrees with this, arguing that the members of the significant regional aristocracies, such as Swabia, Franconia, Bavaria and Lotharingia very much tended to marry among themselves. 12 However, during the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries there were changes in the structure of the German aristocracy. In these centuries we see the development of dynasties that were created by the conversion of the Grossfamilien into smaller units. 13 It must be kept in mind that, before 1066 in different parts of France too, small principalities tried to strengthen their power. That is why there was competition among them. They tried to create a sphere of influence over others. For instance, the duke of Normandy and the count of Anjou were two rivals who tried to obtain the control of the comté of Maine. Their aim was to establish control in the 10 See for example, Vasiliev, Byzantine Empire, pp. 175-6, 226-9, 681; Ostrogorsky, Byzantine Empire, pp. 80, 149, 96-8, 311-13, 332. 11 Leyser, Medieval Germany, p. 198. 12 Reuter, Germany, p. 222. 13 Leyser, Medieval Germany, p. 169. 6
Page 1 and 2: I certify that I have read this the
Page 3 and 4: CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND CULTURAL
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET Onbir ve onüçüncü yüzyı
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF MAPS MAP 1: Suffolk and sur
Page 11 and 12: central place of the eleventh centu
Page 13: Bartlett would argue that political
Page 17 and 18: Ecclesiastical personnel, just as m
Page 19 and 20: The competitiveness of the duke and
Page 21 and 22: ailey, castles was that they were h
Page 23 and 24: the Norman Conquest in a rather dif
Page 25 and 26: means that southern and eastern Eng
Page 27 and 28: wooded, except in the north-west. P
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 1 MIGRANTS, NATIVES AND NAM
Page 33 and 34: Adelaide countess of Aumale Norman
Page 35 and 36: Table-4: Loes Hundred. chiefs Names
Page 37 and 38: Total Value £21 5s 9d The replacem
Page 39 and 40: king’s lands were contained in ju
Page 41 and 42: tanner, none of which may have been
Page 43 and 44: hundred manors in eleven different
Page 45 and 46: Scandinavia or Scotland. 101 In add
Page 47 and 48: conquered country. Together with Od
Page 49 and 50: lands in Cambridgeshire, Essex, Her
Page 51 and 52: Corbett, Walter Giffard was a Class
Page 53 and 54: Beuvriere in the lordship of Holder
Page 55 and 56: he visited Pope Alexander II on beh
Page 57 and 58: Simeon abbot of Ely Hervey Biturice
Page 59 and 60: had been commended to the abbey of
Page 61 and 62: Ralph the Staller was an antecessor
Page 63 and 64: Denmark or “from the Fens”. 180
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freemen’s commendation to pre-106
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East Anglia was not a dramatic chan
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were Carlford and Colneis. Bishop
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Table 9: Soc and commendation in Pa
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1086 land of Roger Bigod. 1086 valu
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Parham 5 (cont.) of free land. 1066
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Wantisden 7 Wantisden 8 1086 land o
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into the eleventh century. It is no
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In general, all the lands that Ralp
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Although some or many of the Edrics
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CHAPTER 3 KNIGHTS, CASTLES AND CHUR
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Suffolk, but either they were not l
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Table 12: Castles in Suffolk 1066-1
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aristocratic society did have the e
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perhaps exceptional example of this
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secular collegiate church of Hoxne.
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certain small grants he conceded
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CONCLUSION In this thesis, I looked
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system in Normandy. They were chang
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Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Blythb
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Davis, R. H. C., King Stephen, 3 rd
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Sanders, I. J., English Baronies: A
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