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Since this thesis is a local study, I cannot examine all the topics that Bartlett examines. Therefore, I will scrutinise the changes in the landholding classes that took place through the migration that accompanied the Norman Conquest and its aftermath, onomastic developments and the administrative and tenurial system. I will also examine military and ecclesiastical changes. Aristocratic migration plays an important role in Bartlett’s thesis. This migration took place mainly in the period between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries. Franks and Normans, but also Lombards, Flemings, Bretons, Picards, Poitevins, Provençals and others, migrated to new areas: The original homes of these immigrants lay mainly in the areas of the former Carolingian empire. Men of Norman descent became lords in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, in Southern Italy, and Sicily, in Spain and Syria. Lotharingian knights came to Palestine, Burgundian knights to Castile, Saxon knights came to Poland, Prussia, and Livonia. Flemings, Picards, Poitevins, Provençals and Lombards took to the road or to the sea and, if they survived, could enjoy new power in unfamiliar and exotic countries. 3 What lay behind this aristocratic expansion, which Bartlett characterizes as essentially a Frankish expansion? One well-known Frankish noble family, the Joinvilles of Champagne, was a perfect example of that adventurous, acquisitive and pious aristocracy on which the expansionary movements of the High Middle Ages were based. Though they left their bones in Syria, Apulia and Ireland, these men were deeply rooted in the rich countryside of Champagne, and agricultural profits were the indispensable foundation for both their local position and their far-flung ventures. 4 As this suggests, there were reasons for the aristocrats to migrate, but they were complex. 3 Ibid., p. 24. 4 Ibid., p. 27. 3
Bartlett would argue that political fragmentation in the homelands was a factor in some cases, but not a simple explanation. Although political fragmentation was very obvious in France, which provided so many of the migrants, there were other parts of Europe where we can observe the same kind of fragmentation without large- scale migration. Bartlett suggests Italy as an example of this, though one wonders whether it is such a good one. We know that Italian merchants did migrate increasingly to the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, and in some areas in Italy, it is difficult to draw a clear line between the merchants and aristocrats. The Levantine minority in the Eastern Mediterranean in the first decades of the twentieth century in part, at least, traced its roots back to this medieval migration. 5 The growing application of primogeniture in Frankish lands amongst the aristocratic and military classes by the eleventh century, with its implications for landholding or the lack of it, was certainly one important contributory factor to the migration: A single male descent, excluding, as far as possible, younger siblings, cousins, and women, came to dominate at the expense of the wider, more amorphous kindred of the earlier period. If this picture is credible, it is possible that the expansionism of the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries was one result. The decline in opportunities for some members of the military aristocracy — notoriously, of course, younger sons — may have been the impetus to immigration. 6 Lack of land might be a factor behind the migration of lesser members of the aristocratic class. 7 However, the phenomenon of aristocratic migration cannot be explained by the lack of land of the leaders of migratory expeditions; most of the leading families were well established in their homelands. These leaders had also strict authority over their men. Men such as William the Conqueror had enough 5 Milas, Göç, p. 29. 6 Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 49. 7 Ibid., pp. 47-8. 4
Page 1 and 2: I certify that I have read this the
Page 3 and 4: CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND CULTURAL
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET Onbir ve onüçüncü yüzyı
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF MAPS MAP 1: Suffolk and sur
Page 11: central place of the eleventh centu
Page 15 and 16: Almost all the population, except f
Page 17 and 18: Ecclesiastical personnel, just as m
Page 19 and 20: The competitiveness of the duke and
Page 21 and 22: ailey, castles was that they were h
Page 23 and 24: the Norman Conquest in a rather dif
Page 25 and 26: means that southern and eastern Eng
Page 27 and 28: wooded, except in the north-west. P
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 1 MIGRANTS, NATIVES AND NAM
Page 33 and 34: Adelaide countess of Aumale Norman
Page 35 and 36: Table-4: Loes Hundred. chiefs Names
Page 37 and 38: Total Value £21 5s 9d The replacem
Page 39 and 40: king’s lands were contained in ju
Page 41 and 42: tanner, none of which may have been
Page 43 and 44: hundred manors in eleven different
Page 45 and 46: Scandinavia or Scotland. 101 In add
Page 47 and 48: conquered country. Together with Od
Page 49 and 50: lands in Cambridgeshire, Essex, Her
Page 51 and 52: Corbett, Walter Giffard was a Class
Page 53 and 54: Beuvriere in the lordship of Holder
Page 55 and 56: he visited Pope Alexander II on beh
Page 57 and 58: Simeon abbot of Ely Hervey Biturice
Page 59 and 60: had been commended to the abbey of
Page 61 and 62: Ralph the Staller was an antecessor
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Denmark or “from the Fens”. 180
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freemen’s commendation to pre-106
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East Anglia was not a dramatic chan
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were Carlford and Colneis. Bishop
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Table 9: Soc and commendation in Pa
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1086 land of Roger Bigod. 1086 valu
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Parham 5 (cont.) of free land. 1066
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Wantisden 7 Wantisden 8 1086 land o
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into the eleventh century. It is no
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In general, all the lands that Ralp
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Although some or many of the Edrics
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CHAPTER 3 KNIGHTS, CASTLES AND CHUR
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Suffolk, but either they were not l
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Table 12: Castles in Suffolk 1066-1
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aristocratic society did have the e
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perhaps exceptional example of this
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secular collegiate church of Hoxne.
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certain small grants he conceded
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CONCLUSION In this thesis, I looked
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system in Normandy. They were chang
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Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Blythb
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Davis, R. H. C., King Stephen, 3 rd
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Sanders, I. J., English Baronies: A
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