I certify that I have read this thesis and have ... - Bilkent University

aristocratic society did have the effect of spreading to England of continental
chivalric ideas. 234 Crossbowmen, on the other hand, seem to have been an instant
import into England after the Conquest. The style of fortification certainly changed
after 1066, when we see an increased construction of motte and bailey castles, and
the examples of that kind of castle before 1066 were all built by immigrants.
However, the style of castle perhaps was not a very essential matter. Although post-
Conquest castles sometimes functioned as baronial capita, not all of them did, nor
did all baronial capita apparently require a castle. Again perhaps here the style of
fortification was not crucial.
*****
In The Making of Europe Bartlett associates the church reform and the
expansion of the culture of the Frankish heartlands that in alliance with the
papacy. 235 Bartlett is right to assume that the origins of church reform lie in
Lotharingia, Flanders and Burgundy, later taken up by the papacy in the middle of
the eleventh century. 236 Monastic reforms in England had already started in England
by the tenth century. 237 The implementation of church reforms continued in the reign
of Edward the Confessor by his ecclesiastical appointments from Lotharingia and
Normandy, especially Robert of Jumièges as archbishop of Canterbury. 238 It was
however, the expulsion of Robert and his replacement with Stigand, not accepted by
the papacy, that gave William the Conqueror ecclesiastical legitimisation for his
conquest. 239 Duke William had indeed helped reform the Church in Normandy
generally in cooperation with the papacy though always in his own favour as well.
233 Sanders, English Baronies, passim.
234 Gillingham, “Introduction of Chivalry”, pp. 209-31.
235 Bartlett, Making of Europe, pp. 18-21.
236 Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, pp. 86-91; Hollister, Medieval Europe, pp. 215-21.
237 Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, pp. 104-8.
238 Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 464-5; Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 247.
84