Vol. 15 - Deutsches Primatenzentrum

Lemur News Vol. 15, 2010 Page 73
consommées pour chaque site sont significativement très
différentes. La corrélation entre la consommation de jeunes
feuilles et les activités exercées est toujours positive et significative
quel que soit le site. Les femelles choisissent un niveau
plus haut des arbres que les mâles à Valohoaka et à Talatakely
par contre à Sakaroa c’est l’inverse. La cohésion du
groupe est plus observée dans le site intact par rapport à celui
dégradé.Bref,la perturbation influe les activités générales
et la structure de l’habitat de Propithecus edwardsi.
Mots-clés:Propithecus edwardsi, Lémuriens, Degré de perturbation,
Habitat, Activités, Parc National de Ranomafana,
Madagascar.
Polowinsky, S.Y. 2009. Nutrition of captive Sclater’s lemurs
(Eulemur macaco flavifrons GRAY, 1867) and crowned
lemurs (Eulemur coronatus GRAY,1842),with special emphasis
on the problem of obesity. PhD dissertation, Biology
and Geography, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
This study was concerned with the obesity problem of blueeyed
black lemurs and crowned lemurs in captivity. Its aims
were to optimize the species’ diet in captivity by combining
data obtained from individuals kept at different European
zoos as well as from wild blue-eyed black lemurs to gain a
better understanding of the ecological and nutritional needs
of Eulemur macaco flavifrons in order to prevent individuals
from becoming obese and to assist planned conservation
measures.
The captive part of the study was conducted in two European
zoos:Cologne Zoo (Germany) and Parc Zoologique
et Botanique de Mulhouse, Sud-Alsace (France). A longterm
study with one group of blue-eyed black lemurs
(1.3) and one group of crowned lemurs (1.2) was carried
out at Cologne Zoo.In addition,three groups of blue-eyed
black lemurs (2.1; 1.1; 1.1) and three groups of crowed
lemurs (2.2; 2.1; 3.2) were studied at Mulhouse Zoo. The
body weight development of captive individuals was registered
and compared to body weight data of wild individuals.
The obesity rate in captivity was recorded. An obese
animal was identified as one weighing more than two standard
deviations over the mean wild weight. Moreover,
nutrient and energy intake of Eulemur macaco flavifrons
and Eulemur coronatus at Cologne Zoo and Mulhouse Zoo
were registered. In addition, digestibility trials were conducted.
Samples of feeds and faeces were analyzed using
Weende analysis and detergent analysis. In Madagascar,
four groups of Eulemur macaco flavifrons in two forest fragments,one
mainly primary forest and the other predominantly
secondary forest,were observed.Samples of plants
utilized by free-ranging blue-eyed black lemurs were collected.They
were botanically classified and analyzed using
Weende analysis and detergent analysis.
The mean body weights of Eulemur macaco flavifrons as well
as Eulemur coronatus in captivity were significantly higher
than the mean body weight of free-ranging individuals.100
% of the Eulemur macaco flavifrons sample and 33.3 % of
the Eulemur coronatus sample were obese.Significant body
weight differences were found between the groups studied
at Cologne Zoo and Mulhouse Zoo, which could be
explained by different feeding regimes. Comparing the
diet of free-ranging blue-eyed black lemurs to the zoo
diets that were based mainly on fruits and vegetables at
Cologne Zoo and Mulhouse Zoo, considerable differences
were found with respect to NDF,ADF,ADL and crude
protein content, whereas ash and crude lipid content varied
only slightly.The NFC and energy content in the zoo
diets were almost twice as high as those in the diet of wild
blue-eyed black lemurs. The high NFC,crude protein and
metabolizable energy content and low fibre content of
the zoo diets as compared to the wild diet,combined with
a relatively high apparent digestibility of ~80 % for Eulemur
macaco flavifrons and ~84 % for Eulemur coronatus, respectively,
and in combination with lemurs’ typically low basal
metabolic rates, all clearly contribute to the obesity problem
of captive Eulemur macaco flavifrons.
The presented data of food consumed by Eulemur macaco
flavifrons in captivity and in the wild reveals elementary
differences concerning nutrient and energy composition.
Although a bright variety of fruits and vegetables could
protect animals in captivity from stereotypic behaviour, a
systematic reassessment of the zoo diet is suggested:
increasing fibre content and decreasing energy density by
feeding vegetables,and whenever possible,fresh plant material
in appropriate quantities instead of energy-rich
fruits, gruel or commercial feeds. Although the utilization
of the food fibre content by a generalist frugivore like Eulemur
macaco flavifrons or Eulemur coronatus is limited, fibre
content plays an important role in the maintenance of
physiological health. A zoo diet corresponding to the natural
requirements of lemurs guarantees an optimization
of breeding programmes and presents a valuable and necessary
contribution to the preservation of these highly
endangered species.
Key words: Eulemur macaco flavifrons, Eulemur coronatus,
Nutrition, Digestibility, Obesity, Captivity, Energy intake.
Rafaliarison R.R. 2010. Activité générale du Prolemur simus:
transition saison sèche - saison de pluies et activité de la
femelle avant et après mise bas dans le Parc National
Ranomafana.Département de Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie
Biologique, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Cette étude a été réalisée dans la parcelle 3 du parc national
Ranomafana qui abrite le seul groupe du parc.Elle nous
aidera à mieux comprendre les variations de l’activité générale
du Prolemur simus pendant la transition de la saison
sèche à la saison de pluie ainsi que la variation de l’activité
de la femelle avant et après mise bas. Les résultats ont
montré que le Prolemur simus a dépensé la moitié de leur
temps à l’alimentation suivi du repos. Les variations de la
fréquence de l’activité sont en relation avec la partie consommée
(tige, moelle ou jeunes pousses), la disponibilité
alimentaire,la température et la pluie ainsi que la disponibilité
en eau.La strate la plus utilisée est comprise entre 0
à 5 m. La présence d’un nouveau né a une influence sur
l’activité et la proximité des individus du groupe. Pour la
femelle, il y a une diminution de la fréquence de l’alimentation
après la mise bas.Il y a aussi une augmentation très
marquée de la fréquence du repos après la mise bas.Le juvénile
s’éloigne de la femelle après mise bas tandis que le
mâle reste toujours près de la femelle.
Mots clés: Prolemur simus, Activités, Mise bas, Parc National
Ranomafana, Madagascar.
This study was carried out in Parcel 3 of Ranomafana National
Park,where the only group of Prolemur simus within
the park is present.It concerns the variation in the general
activities of P.simus during the transition from the dry season
to the rainy season as well as the activity of the female
before and after giving birth.The results showed that P. simus
spent half of their time feeding, followed by resting.
The variation in frequency of activities was related to the
consumed plant parts (trunk,culm pith or bamboo shoot),
availability of food,temperature,rain and the availability of
water. The most frequently used forest stratum was between
0 and 5 m of height. The presence of the new-born
had an influence on the activity and the spacing of the individuals
in the group.For the female,there was a reduction
of the frequency of feeding after giving birth. There was
also a very marked increase in the frequency of resting after
birth. The juvenile stayed away from the female after
she had given birth,but the male always remained close to
the female.
Key words:Prolemur simus,Activity,New born,Ranomafana
National Park, Madagascar.
Raharivololona,B.M.2010.Intestinal parasite infection of the
gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, J.F. Miller, 1777) in
the south-eastern littoral forest of Madagascar. PhD Dissertation,
Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany.
Madagascar’s plants and animals belong to one of the most
unique and threatened biotas of the world. Lemurs are
the flagship species associated with the biological crisis of
the island and notably vulnerable to habitat degradation.
While most studies on the effect of habitat destruction
on species survival have focused on population reduction
and forest degradation, indirect effects, such as altered
parasite loads have received little attention. Parasitologi-