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NOTES TO PAGES 52–59
36. See AR to Knopf, June 24, 1938, and Knopf to Ann Watkins, October, 25, 1940,
ARP 137–25F.
37. Charles Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing “We Want Willkie!”
Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World (New York: Public
Affairs, 2005).
38. Details on Willkie’s early career are from Erwin C. Hargrove, Prisoners of Myth:
The Leadership of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933–1990 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1994), especially 46–47, and Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of
Wendell Willkie (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984).
39. Charles Peters, “The Greatest Convention,” Washington Monthly 36, no. 7/8
(2004): 16.
40. Willkie is quoted in Neal, Dark Horse, 74; Biographical Interview 14, March 3,
1961.
41. Ayn Rand to Gerald Loeb, August 5, 1944, Letters, 154.
42. Biographical Interview 10, January 1, 1961.
43. Barbara Branden, The Passion of Ayn Rand (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1986), 161.
44. Journals, 73.
45. Biographical Interview 14.
46. Isolationism is described in Justus Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge
to American Intervention, 1939–1941 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2000);
Justus Doenecke and Mark A. Stoler, Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies,
1933–1945 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2005); Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and
the Isolationists, 1932–1945 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983).
47. Biographical interview 10.
48. Biographical interview 14.
49. Bill Kauffman, America First! Its History, Culture, and Politics (Amherst, MA:
Prometheus Books, 1995), 18.
50. “New Force?,” Time, December 23, 1940.
51. Journals, 345, 347. First used during the Spanish Civil War, “fi fth column” was a
fairly popular term for internal subversion at the time. See Ribuffo, The Old Christian
Right. Rand had also recently read a conservative screed about Communists in the United
States, Joseph Kamp’s The Fifth Column in Washington! (New Haven, CT: Constitutional
Education League, 1940). Peikoff Library Collection, Ayn Rand Archives. Rand’s usage of
“totalitarianism” rather than “collectivism” followed a similar shift in the public understanding
of communism and fascism. See Benjamin L. Alpers, Dictators, Democracy, and
American Public Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003). This
equation of Russia and Germany occurred particularly among business leaders and in
corporate publications. See Les K. Adler and Thomas G. Paterson, “Red Fascism: The
Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism,
1930s–1950s,” American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (1970): 1046–64. The bulk of Adler and
Paterson’s sources for this discourse are business leaders and corporate publications,
although they do not comment on this.
52. Journals, 345.
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