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342 NOTES TO PAGES 271–279
67. Paul Varnell, “Of Academic Interest,” A Is A 2, no. 6 (1973): 3, and A Is A 2, no. 4
(1973): 4, Box 15, Walter Papers; “In Brief,” SIL News, June–July 1971, 5.
68. “Break Free! An Interview with Nathaniel Branden.”
69. Ayn Rand, “An Untitled Letter, Part II,” Ayn Rand Letter 2, no. 10 (1973): 168. The
review ran in two concurrent issues.
70. Ayn Rand, “A Last Survey,” Ayn Rand Letter 4, no. 2 (1975): 382, 381.
71. Ibid., 382.
72. Details on the Koch brothers and Cato’s founding can be found in Doherty,
Radicals for Capitalism, 411–13. An alternative account crediting Murray Rothbard is
given in Justin Raimondo’s celebratory biography of Rothbard, An Enemy of the State:
The Life of Murray N. Rothbard (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), chapter 5.
Cato’s strategy of direct policy intervention and advocacy represented a new direction
for think tanks that was increasingly popular in the 1970s. Andrew Rich describes this
transformation as one from expertise to advocacy in Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the
Politics of Expertise (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004). According to Rich’s
data, Cato was considered the fi fth most infl uential think tank in 1993 and the third most
infl uential in 1997 (81). Alice O’Connor identifi es and critiques a similar shift in Social
Science for What? Philanthropy and the Social Question in a World Turned Rightside Up
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007). Conservative think tanks became increasingly
important institutions in the 1970s, providing an institutional apparatus to support
intellectuals and a direct conduit to policymakers. Kimberly Phillips-Fein, Invisible
Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Ronald Reagan
(New York: Norton, 2009). Koch money also funded the Institute for Humane Studies,
an organization that promotes libertarian ideas to students.
73. The Hessens moved to California in 1974 and started the Palo Alto Book Service
after The Ayn Rand Letter closed, selling off Rand’s inventory of newsletters. After their
fi nal break with Rand they continued a business relationship until her death and closed
the service in 1986 after a dispute with Leonard Peikoff.
74. Edited by Leonard Peikoff and Harry Binswanger, The Objectivist Forum was published
bimonthly from 1980 to 1987. The Intellectual Activist, started by Peter Schwartz
in 1979, is still in existence after several editorial changes. Rand’s stamp collecting is
described in Charles and Mary Ann Sures, Facets of Ayn Rand (Irvine, CA: Ayn Rand
Institute Press, 2001).
75. Barbara Branden, The Passion of Ayn Rand (New York: Random House, 1986),
396–400; Nathaniel Branden, My Years with Ayn Rand (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1999),
391–402.
76. Cynthia Peikoff interview for “Sense of Life,” December 2, 1994, documentary
outtakes, ARP.
Epilogue
More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.com
1. William F. Buckley Jr., “Ayn Rand: RIP,” National Review, April 2, 1982, 380; George
Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1981); Charles Murray, Losing Ground:
American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984); William Simon, A Time
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