Archaeology and nature: hyblean cultural landscape and territorial ...

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Cuma Archaelogical Park: a communication strategies to improve public enjoyment Mara CAPONE DICATA, Archiecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy mara.capone@unina.it Abstract The ancient city of Cuma is one of the most important of the Phlegrean Fields. It was the first settlement of the area chosen for its strategic position. Today, the appearance of the area is very different from what it looked like in ancient times, in fact natural and anthropic actions have modified landscape over the centuries. The objective of the communication project is to promote knowledge of Cuma Archaeological Park and to define a new way to enjoy Archaeological Heritage for a large audience. The archaeological finds are generally only a "piece of matter" and to reduce the communication gap we can reconstruct what is missing. The use of digital media and 3D modelling opens new perspectives in archaeological research, it let us to document the passage of the history, but it raises new questions about the way of representing the archaeological heritage. The branch of representation is called into question, especially for issues related to visualization of 3D models and design of the structures of knowledge. Animation is always been the best way to show the evolution over the time of monumental buildings and landscape but it is lack interactivity. We think that 3D PDF could be an user friendly interface to access additional information. So we are testing the possibility to use 3D PDF to improve the access to cultural resources to all users, and to improve the exploration of 3D model. Keywords: Virtual Archaeology, 3D PDF, 3D modelling, Representation, Archaeological landscape 1. Cuma and the ports system in the Greek and Roman age. The ancient city of Cuma is one of the most important of the Phlegrean Fields. It was the first settlement of the area chosen for its strategic position. Cuma is the oldest archaeological sites and it is the oldest Greek colony in Italy, today, the appearance of the area is very different from what it looked like in ancient times and it is very difficult to understand the meaning of archaeological finds from different eras. The first Greek colony of Kyme took place on the hill, where the Acropolis had the role of stronghold and sacred place of the polis. During the Archaic Age the Acropolis takes on a monumental look, in fact, the two known temples, one in the lower terrace (dedicated to Apollo) and the other in upper terrace (known as Jupiter's temple) are dated to the end of VI century. B.C. The construction of the wall fortifications of the acropolis dates back to the ambitious political projects of Aristodemus. In this period the city borders reached the maximum extension and this is proved by the discovery of some remains of fortifications still existent. According to the theory of archaeologists the wall fortifications encircled the Acropolis, the hills on the west side and the area of Monte Grillo on the east side. The southern wall fortifications followed a line on the southern side of Monte Grillo and on the north side they separated the city by low marshy plain of Licola. 1119
The urban development of the lower city, the center of city life, begins in the Samnite Age (IV-III century. BC). In this period are certainly built the temple which will be the Capitol (III sec.) and other buildings, not a sacred character, such as the so-called Central Termal Baths (III-II century BC.) [1]. During this period, the Samnites put in place a plan of adjustment of defensive fortifications to meet the demands caused by to the difficult coexistence of Samnites and Romans. In the Augustan age, Cuma lived its heyday. Cuma played a major role in the troubled events that accompanied the transition from Republic age to the Empire, the aspect of the ancient city, that looks like to the modern visitor, is determined to the massive works built in this period: here, in the period of civil wars, Octavian, the future emperor Augustus, had its base. In Greek and Roman times the importance of Cuma related to the strategic role assumed by the Port. In ancient times, the Phlegraean area, characterized by volcanic craters and a coastline with deep bays, was considered a safe harbor. Both in Greek and in Roman times, the port of Cuma was located in a natural bay, near the center of the city, in an area morphologically perfect. The analysis of the sources shows that the Greek port was located on the north side of the Lake of Fusaro, where it was in direct communication with the sea . The Greek port was gradually disappeared for the silting up and the bradisism phenomenon that modified the coastline over the centuries. Today, the ancient coastline is covered by vegetation, and from the top of the Acropolis it's possible to see the sign of the ancient bay. On the north side the coastline is characterized from a long and straight beach, which separated the sea from the lagoons and lakes there were inside of territory, as we can still observe. Today, there is the Lake of Fusaro within this natural dam, the ancient swamp Acherusia, formed after the movements and pressures related to the arrangement of the Mediterranean basin during the third geological era. Piaget [2] hypothesized that there were two ports in Cuma in Greek time, one was located in the bay on the north side of the lake of Fusaro and the other one was under the acropolis (Fig.1). This place was used from Agrippa, admiral of the Roman fleet, to built the roman port. In fact, in 36 d. C. the admiral Agrippa took charge of operation against Sextus and so he needed a naval base in the Phlegrean area. At first he placed the naval base in the Lake of Lucrino, that was very different from what appears now, because it was more extended than now, but the lake was not deep enough for Roman ships and so Agrippa used it for military training only (fig. 2). Moreover, unlike the Lake of Fusaro, the Lake of Lucrino was separated from the sea by sand dunes exposed to sea currents and to winds. For this reasons, Agrippa decided to place his naval base in the Lake of Averno, called Porto Giulio, and he built a canal to connect it with the Lake of Lucrino. Porto Giulio and the Lake of Lucrino were entirely occupied by the shipyard and training military activities and so it was necessary to find another place near to Porto Giulio, for these reasons Agrippa decided to use the ancient Greek port of Cuma [2]. He built a connecting tunnel between the Lake of Avernus and the city of Cumae, called Cocceus Cave, and a tunnel under the Acropolis, the Roman crypt, to create a link from the acropolis to the beach. Agrippa addressed the problem of the silting up of the Cumae ancient port and he dug what it was covered over the time. Later he built a connection canal with the lake of Fusaro and closed the original entrance of the sea with a pier (Fig. 3). At the end of the war against Sextus the port had no more reason to exist. In fact, in the Gothic period of Justinian, Cuma was only a well-fortified place. The Roman naval bases were reorganized in others places and the port of Cumae was completely destroyed: the sand transported by the wind into the area and the phenomenon of bradisism were the reasons of the total destruction of the two ports. The agricultural settlements have erased the traces of its existence over the time. The choice of the study case allowed us to address a number of unusual issues especially related to reconstruct of archaeolgical landscape, very different from what we can see now, to develop a strategy to communicate the story of the place and to define a different level of enjoyment of archaeolgical heritage. Our work is to translate into images, an iconic language, what is traditionally communicated using written language to improve the public enjoyment. 1120
Page 1 and 2: Archaeology and nature: hyblean cul
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Page 5 and 6: The main goal of the planning inter
Page 7 and 8: The Time of Flight 3d laser scanner
Page 9 and 10: Fig. 12-13: The archaeological land
Page 11 and 12: Industrial heritage, collective ide
Page 13 and 14: vertical reduction of market prices
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3: The mining site of Grottaca
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 5: Laser scan 3D of the Pozzo
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 6: Palazzo Pennisi. meanings,
Page 21 and 22: Le tanneries di Barjols: uno spazio
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 2 - Piano del quartiere delle
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 4 - Sviluppo verticale anni ci
Page 27 and 28: Riferimenti bibliografici [1] AA.VV
Page 29 and 30: to compact settlements, in which th
Page 31 and 32: Fig. 4: Maiori, plan 1848. Fig. 5:
Page 33 and 34: Fig. 8: Furore,Conca dei Marini and
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 10: Positano. 4. The mountain
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Page 41 and 42: Fig. 2: Roman time, overlap Paget h
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 4: 3D model, a. Greek time, b.
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 6: Acropolis of Cuma Overlappi
Page 47 and 48: We think that 3D PDF could be an us
Page 49 and 50: having an infrastructure in a certa
Page 51 and 52: Cana le Pic. 3 Territorial context
Page 53 and 54: Shape: 1. Bridge dimensions and sha
Page 55 and 56: AUGÉ Marc. Nonluoghi - introduzion
Page 57 and 58: productive landscape design restric
Page 59 and 60: Tehran’s outskirt Fig.4, 5: Agric
Page 61 and 62: Appropriate interaction among urban
Page 63 and 64: Allotment garden: is designed for t
Page 65 and 66: 5. Conclusion Restoration of biodiv
Page 67 and 68: irrepressible expression of a cultu
Page 69 and 70: The competition titled Pylons of th
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Page 73 and 74: Camillo Sitte meets Robert Venturi
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Page 79 and 80: To safeguard fertile, dynamic and a
Page 81 and 82: “The loss of place, asserts Chris
Page 83 and 84: 3. Sustainable morphology as integr
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emember our past. The relationship
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State’s social offer (health, edu
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Besides, the achievements of this u
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evident the impact the park had on
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