Archaeology and nature: hyblean cultural landscape and territorial ...

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environmental capacity” (16). In this light, it is reasonable to understand preservation as the action that allowed the manifestation of the spirit, as established by the Foz Do Iguaçu declaration (2008). 3. Mirador de los Nevados Park Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Mirador de los Nevados Park is a metropolitan urban ecological park located a few blocks away from the downtown of Suba District in Bogotá and belongs to the Muisca Indigenous Reservation Area. The Park was created in 2002 as an attempt to give recognition to the Muisca Indigenous culture and its efforts to survive in the face of colonization and urbanization in Bogotá during the last century. It was built in a place that for more than fifty years served as a quarry and now is an environmental and ecological protected area. The park’s name literally means “Snow-capped Mountains Watch point”, due to the fact the place is the only spot in the city from where it is possible to appreciate three of the most important snow-capped mountains of the Colombian central Andes ridge: their names are Tolima, Ruiz and Santa Isabel. The site is one of the cultural and natural heritage places of the city and its architectural design is based on the Muisca Indigenous cosmology. Because of it historical, cultural, environmental and scenic values, the Mirador de los Nevados is an icon of the public space of the city. Furthermore, because of this minority’s cultural beliefs regarding nature’s protection, this park also became a platform for environmental conservation and education of the citizens. The development of non-formal environmental education strategies through the implementation of the program “Environmental Classrooms”, aims to empower the citizens and make them able to intervene and promote social actions on behalf of the improvement of their life quality and the environmental conditions of their territory. Is important to understand the context within which the park Mirador de los Nevados was created. This site has a direct relation with the first inhabitants of the city in the district of Suba and their memory of the region. The historical and the socio-cultural dynamics that infuse the park are expressions of its Spirit of Place. The advent of a broad cultural heritage preservation ideal was the key to make the park part of the city’s sustainable development process. 3.1. The context of the Park: Suba District history, Muisca community and their cosmology The district of Suba is located at the northwest border of the city. It dates back to pre-Hispanic times when the great Muisca family of tribes inhabited this place. These groups subsisted through an agricultural-based economy, in which a commercial bartering system helped them exchange their products with other communities within the region. Their territory had a rich natural environment covered by forests, rivers and lakes. In 1537, during the Spanish colonial period, the economic and political structure of the native population was dissolved and their lands were expropriated. Centuries later, in 1954, Suba became a district of the city of Bogotá and six years later, due to its location, one of the engines of city’s development. During the 1980s, Bogota suffered a strong influx of immigrants and people from all over the country came over to Suba looking for better opportunities. This created a great cultural and ethnic diversity, but also the exacerbated complex social, cultural, economic and political tensions. Additionally, this area has the largest 1171
State’s social offer (health, education, welfare), yet there are high levels of inequity and inequality (1). The district’s downtown is the historical location of ancient urban Suba, where the architectural heritage, history and identity remain visible. For Bogotá’s Territory Management Plan, this place is considered an area of cultural interest and thus, its surroundings receive special legal preservation (20). Suba is one of the most densely populated areas of the city. The ethnic population accounts for 4,5% of the total population of the district, out of which 0,75% are indigenous. There are two principal indigenous groups: Kichwa and the larger called Muiscas. The community of Muisca is divided into two groups: Cabildo Indigena and the “Muisca Nation”. Although only the first one has been officially recognized by the government, projects for cultural minorities in the area of Suba often include both of them (2). For this indigenous community, Suba symbolizes their home: a place full of green spaces, where friends and families meet. This is the place they understand; here they know where are the stores, the parks, the spots where they can find peace: the park Mirador de los Nevados, the Planada, the central square, etc. It is the place where they were born and live; there, they have the feeling of being someone living somewhere (22). The Muiscas, in pursuit of being acknowledged as an indigenous population, celebrate meetings, forums, cultural activities, and other forms of demonstrations, in which they express their own identity, their projects and struggles. They inhabit the city while including the nature according to their cosmology and living notions. For them, mountains, lakes and wetlands are some of the most important elements of the relationship between earth and human beings (22). In the park, the contributing factor for all of these expressions to be possible is that the Muisca spirit is printed in the space. There the social function of the cultural heritage contributes to the renovation and reproduction of the communities (14). An important characteristic of social sustainability is that instead of being understood as a static process, it is interpreted as a dynamic socio-historical process (23). The park is the expression of this understanding, where the social sustainability is promoted on the bases of a place and its communities’ continuous historical and social processes. At the same time, the community and neighborhood are the heart of the analysis. This is, the importance of community participation resides in the space given to its members to express their needs and aspirations while acknowledging their conception of the place they live (9). The participation processes that take place in the park are part of the social sustainability framework, in which it is possible for the Muisca people to maintain a contemporary urban, but yet indigenous, identity and memory. 4. The spirit of place, social sustainability and the park Under the social sustainability approach, the governmental policies have to be articulated with traditional and more recent social policies involving the economic and environmental sustainability, but also the community participation and intangible elements that enrich the soul of the communities (9)(23). As part of the national constitutional laws, the Colombian Government is bound to recognize cultural minorities. The government must promote spaces for the minorities to practice and experience their own cultural, political, environmental and economic path. The creation of the park and its designation as a natural and cultural heritage site for the city are part of the national efforts to meet this requirement (14). At the same time, policies for urban planning have been developed by national and local governments under the rubric of “sustainable cities”: where cities should integrate environmental protection, economic development and individual welfare and social development, without depleting the natural resources for future generations. The policies for land use, occupation and expansion aim to prevent the expansion of the city into rural or protected areas. Sustainable conservation, restoration and natural resources use will support social welfare and economic development (24). Although within this governmental policies framework it seems that once again the environmental and economic issues have prevailed over the social ones, as a matter of fact, the social sustainability principle has played a leading role in the instauration of the Mirador de los Nevados Park. Since conceiving of the park, the community of Muisca was fully involved. The planners, designers and promoters of the project, have consistently worked with community leaders to decide how to protect of the Muisca’s cultural heritage 1172
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Archaeology and nature: hyblean cul
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2. Kaukana project: territorial reg
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The main goal of the planning inter
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The Time of Flight 3d laser scanner
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Fig. 12-13: The archaeological land
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Industrial heritage, collective ide
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vertical reduction of market prices
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Fig. 3: The mining site of Grottaca
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Fig. 5: Laser scan 3D of the Pozzo
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Fig. 6: Palazzo Pennisi. meanings,
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Le tanneries di Barjols: uno spazio
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