Archaeology and nature: hyblean cultural landscape and territorial ...

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Under Spirit of Place theory for cultural heritage preservation, material and immaterial components cannot be divided, as well as the cultural, social, economic and environmental elements are required to be understood from an integral perspective. This condition is considered essential for the preservation of the communities’ identity that has been protected and passed along from generation to generation (18) (30). In addition, it is important to contextualize cultural heritage preservation under the sustainable development and urban planning conservation and preservation fields, in which the preservation and conservation of the historical and cultural places concerns not just to the importance of the object (the built heritage), but the protection of the social function of the heritage and its cultural representation in the space (25). An analysis of the creation of the urban park Mirador de los Nevados, as part of the renewal of downtown Suba District in Bogotá, Colombia, give some suggestions on how the link between social sustainability and cultural heritage preservation -under the umbrella of sustainable development-, can further suggest a set of practices for the enhancement of sustainable cultural and urban heritage preservation without ignoring environmental and economic elements. The case study presented in this document is not about an urban renewal project executed through the restoration of historical buildings or the implementation of sustainable tourism processes. This is an example of how governmental policies for social sustainability were implemented congruously with the cultural and social needs of a specific community, through the recognition of the cultural heritage preservation and its social function. This approach was foundational in developing the Mirador de los Nevados Park and explains why it has become a strong example of a sustainable cultural heritage preservation project. This is an urban renewal intervention project out of which the theory of the Spirit of Place was applied in pursuit of the rescue of the cultural heritage for the sustainable development the city of Bogota is looking for. This paper analyzes how through the acknowledgement and use of Spirit of Place theory for cultural heritage preservation, within a social sustainability context, it is possible to achieve a sustainable development process. In this regard, cultural heritage is protected because of its cultural significance and social function in a specific territory and for a specific community. The strengthening of the local identity, linked to the past “not just in the continuity of the built heritage and urban spaces but also in the living culture that created, and is still shaping, the district townscape, or genius loci, that characterizes the heritage places” (25 p. 468), has no other consequence than the construction of the sustainable development processes based on cultural heritage 2. Spirit of place, sustainable development and social sustainability Heritage is “the indivisible and valued creation that comes from people, culture and place together. It is tangible and intangible, not one or the other” (8 p.2). Heritage refers to the set of assets inherited from the past and directly related with the identity and memory of a specific culture in a specific territory (29). Problematically, perspectives on heritage have historically been divided into the material and the immaterial, giving rise to confusions about the meaning of heritage and its social function (8). The social function of the cultural heritage concerns social cohesion, integration and education, as well as the social and cultural distinction processes in multicultural societies (4). Presently, besides the preservation and restoration of the cultural heritage, people in charge of cultural heritage management must give attention to the social function of the heritage (29). Hence, the Spirit of Place perspective has emerged, without dividing or classifying the heritage and involving the community into its practices. This perspective has evolved into a tool for cultural heritage managers to promote social sustainability. 2.1. The Spirit of Place The importance of the Spirit of Place perspective lies in its functionality. The recognition of the material and immaterial components as essential elements to preserve the communities’ identity is driven by identifying the Spirit of Place for a specific cultural heritage preservation process. Place and spirit are constituted by three elements connatural to the human being dimension: identity, territory and memory. Identity is the set of features of a person or a community that defines what we are and what we are not. Territory is the recognition of the place where we are born and inhabit. Memory is the way we 1169
emember our past. The relationship of these three categories takes place in the construction of the community, which is considering the essential environment for interrelation of every human being. Contemporary scholars argue conceptions of Place are premised on memory, identity and the relation of people to their territory. Thus, Place can be understood as the consequence of the multiple discourses, subjectivities, interactions and power relations in specific time and space (26). It is also defined as a singular fact determined by its space and time, by the topographic dimension, by its form and by its memory (10). Place is where social relationships occur, where everyday life is unwrapped, where the people celebrate, make rituals and other cultural and social constructions necessary for their life (7). The notion of “spirit” corresponds to the immaterial elements of a person’s relation to Place, composed by the “social and spiritual practices, costumes, traditional knowledge and other intangible forms and expressions” (19). Spirit also encompasses the relationship between tangible and intangible social and cultural mechanisms. “The Spirit of Place is ultimately the intensity of wholeness one experiences in the place” (6). This wholeness is related to unique and distinctive aspects of a place and its habitability, but only because of the soul of the human being that inhabit each place (5). It involves “aesthetic, historical, social or spiritual value of cultural significance” (30 p.2). Spirit of Place is the language that becomes material but dynamic, tangible but ephemeral, is the expression of the memory, the identity and the cultural heritage. 2.2. Sustainable Development and Social Sustainability Sustainable development and heritage planning face a constant struggle between preserving cultural heritage and achieving economic growth and modernization. Currently, approaches for sustainable urban planning are focused on creating liveable built environments, disregarding a holistic perspective for community developments and specifically culture. This absence of social and cultural perspectives is evident in heritage planning research where the physical forms are the main focus (25). For the viability of sustainable urban and cultural heritage planning it is necessary to emphasize the interaction between citizens, physical environment, social organization and public policies (13). Social sustainability “concerns how individuals, communities and societies live with each other and set out to achieve the objectives of the development models that they have chosen for themselves, also taking into account the physical boundaries of their places and planet earth as a whole” (9 p. 24). It involves specific cultural or social relationships, social structures, customs and values, which represent the social constrains on development. In this context, social sustainability combines the traditional social policies (equity, health, poverty reduction, livelihood, etc.) with emerging concerns about participation, social capital, needs, economy, environment and “more recently, with the notions of happiness, well-being and quality of life” (9 p. 24). These last issues, more intangible and less measurable involve concepts such as identity, social networks and most importantly Spirit of Place. Furthermore, these issues have become more and more important within government and policy maker debates (9) (23). Analyzing sustainability requires addressing four principles: equity, inclusion, adaptability and security. Equity refers to the opportunities of access to sufficient resources to participate in community; inclusion relates to an individual’s opportunities to participate in community processes; adaptability refers to the resiliency of communities to respond to change; security includes both the communities’ economic security and confidence that they live in environmentally safe and supportive places. These principles are guided by seven dimensions of action: living, working, playing, engaging, learning, moving and importantly, Spirit of Place. Compared with traditional methodologies and perspectives for measuring welfare, the interaction between those principles and dimensions bring alternative social sustainability parameters of measures, where “soft themes” such as happiness and Spirit of Place, among others, can be also qualified (9). Cultural heritage can contribute to the well-being and quality of life of communities, while also can mitigate the impacts of cultural globalization, becoming an incentive for sustainable economic and environmental development (15). In this light, “the loss of a sense of place in communities became a factor of vital concern in the context of cultural globalization and the main aspect striving for sustainable communities and sustainable historic environment” (15 p. 75). “The notion of sustainable includes understanding of need, in the true sense of necessity (…) [that] requires that needs be met within our social, economic and 1170
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Archaeology and nature: hyblean cul
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2. Kaukana project: territorial reg
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The main goal of the planning inter
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The Time of Flight 3d laser scanner
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Fig. 12-13: The archaeological land
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Industrial heritage, collective ide
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vertical reduction of market prices
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Fig. 3: The mining site of Grottaca
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Fig. 5: Laser scan 3D of the Pozzo
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Fig. 6: Palazzo Pennisi. meanings,
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Le tanneries di Barjols: uno spazio
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Fig. 2 - Piano del quartiere delle
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Fig. 4 - Sviluppo verticale anni ci
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Riferimenti bibliografici [1] AA.VV
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to compact settlements, in which th
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Fig. 4: Maiori, plan 1848. Fig. 5:
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Fig. 8: Furore,Conca dei Marini and
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Fig. 10: Positano. 4. The mountain
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