Romanian Military Thinking

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34 Romanian Military Thinking ~ 4/2007 There are three types of operational environments in which Noncombatant Evacuation Operations can be developed: permissive environment, uncertain environment and hostile environment. These operational environments can exist due to an unfavourable political and diplomatic situation or a conflict, as well as a natural disaster in the host country. Apparently, in a permissive environment, physical threats to the evacuated personnel do not exist. The governmental authorities of host nations do not show opposition towards the presence of amphibious forces for evacuation. The evacuation support reduces to the logistic support, medical assistance, military police, security, administrative processing, coordination and transportation. The forces designated for security are limited to the requests for propriety, equipment and personnel protection. Depending on the political situation of the host country, the commander of the amphibious force can establish a rapid reaction force, able to promptly interfere if the environment becomes less permissive. Generally, this type of environment requests small forces. In an uncertain environment, the danger rate is uncertain. The governmental authorities of the host nation do not control totally and effectively the population. There are groups or factions that can create an insecure climate and a threat for the evacuation; moreover, authorities cannot ensure the security of Romanian citizens. As a result of the incertitude, the commander of the amphibious force can order the evacuation’s support with supplementary security forces. The necessity of using a rapid reaction force becomes very important. There is a possibility for hostile actions to take place right at the insertion of the force in the evacuation area, therefore the force commander should decide the way weapons and ammunition are employed for personnel protection, in accordance with the Rules of Engagement. The Rules of Engagement must be assimilated early enough to ensure the Marines training in order to avoid the escalation of hostilities. Notifying the local population in the evacuation area, combatants and noncombatants, over the Rules of Engagement and the intentions of the amphibious force for evacuation reduces the probability of interferences and inadequate actions that can determine the escalation of hostilities due to misunderstandings. In a hostile environment, the governmental authorities or other forces demonstrate real opposition against the evacuation operation and the presence of the amphibious force in the evacuation area. The commander of the amphibious force for evacuation can decide the deployment of an important security force together with the evacuation force. Moreover, he can also decide to engage a bigger rapid reaction force, together with the evacuation force, or deployed in an intermediary base. There is a high probability that hostile actions occur right at the insertion of the force in the evacuation area, therefore the commander of the amphibious force will order the very clear assimilation of the Rules of Engagement by all personnel. The Impact of Rules of Engagement Noncombatant Evacuation Operations can take place in an environment characterised by the rapid deterioration of security, concomitantly with the development of intense diplomatic steps to prevent conflicts. The evacuation operations can point out the international
Conceptual Projections • Theoretical Developments concern, on the one hand, and the intentions of the parties, on the other hand. In most cases, the amphibious force designated for evacuation will not actively engage the Marines against the attitude of threat of force towards the evacuees. The military actions will be limited by the given situation. The commander of the amphibious force for evacuation has an essential responsibility regarding force protection against hostile actions. Commanders at all levels will practice standard precautions and interdictions in using weapons, which can be interpreted as hostilities initiators. They will make sure that the entire personnel is trained regarding the necessity of using the force at minimum level, the humanitarian treatment of evacuees, order and discipline. The Rules of Engagement will limit precisely the use of lethal force, in accordance with the characteristics of the environment in which the evacuation operation takes place, as well as with the level of threats; the commander of the force must establish exactly the demarcation line between offensive and defensive actions. The Rules of Engagement will focus on the defensive actions carried out only if the aggressiveness requires life, equipment and property protection, including pursuit actions to the limit in which the attacker’s action has no effect. The Rules of Engagement are drawn up separately, on armament systems categories (light armament, artillery/throwers, naval artillery, helicopters etc.). The Development of Noncombatant Evacuation Operations Operational Aspects Noncombatant Evacuation Operations should be conducted inside or in the proximity of large urban areas, military or industrial areas/facilities or other areas that can provide basic facilities for the evacuees. These locations can ensure evacuees assembly points. Choosing the way to transport and relocate evacuees is mainly based on real operational considerations. Planning the designated means for the insertion of the landing force, the noncombatant evacuation and the forces extraction from the evacuation area depend on the number of available landing craft and helicopters, the geographical characteristics of the evacuation area and the real political situation. The conditions that favour the use of landing craft are: major risks in using helicopters; large number of evacuees to be relocated; the possibility of assembling the evacuees at the embarkation/loading points of the landing craft; the necessity of carrying out the evacuation in strict timing; no favourable landing zones for helicopters; unfavourable weather conditions for helicopter flight; the landing craft availability. The conditions that favour the use of helicopters are: acceptable risks in using helicopters; flexible flight schedule 35
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