Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
74<br />
financial crisis. A surprising omission, since history teaches<br />
us that all financial crises “contain” a criminal dimension,<br />
either by the intrusion of organized crime, or by the repetition<br />
of criminal operations committed by normal market actors;<br />
and sometimes also through the association of these two<br />
universes.<br />
Crime accompanies, amplifies and sometimes provokes<br />
financial crises. Besides, how can one not be troubled by<br />
the strange public alert American Attorney General Michael<br />
Mukasey launched in May 2008 on the growing threat to<br />
national security represented by “organized crime’s penetration<br />
of the markets?”<br />
So even as experts outside the United States saw this clearly,<br />
the American media and our own politicians played it down.<br />
Two other French experts, Bertrand Monnet and Philippe Very,<br />
professors at Edhec and researchers at the Edhec Institute for<br />
the Management of Criminal Risks, foresaw the fusion of the<br />
criminal and “legitimate economies,” an area few journalists in<br />
the United States investigated.<br />
They explained how this works in an article on “Economic<br />
Crisis and Criminality,” published in Les Echoes:<br />
Organized crime does not launder for pleasure, but to invest<br />
a part of those laundered funds in the legal economy to meet<br />
two objectives: territorial domination and enrichment. Controlling<br />
a business allows a mafia to distribute wealth in the<br />
form of jobs or purchases and consequently, to ultimately<br />
place whole regions under economic dependency. But<br />
investing in the legal economy allows organized crime above<br />
all to benefit from the growth of the businesses it controls<br />
and the profitability of its holdings, just like any other investor.<br />
The present crisis risks enlarging organized crime’s access<br />
to the legal economy. In a context of rarefaction of investments,<br />
the funds resulting from money laundering are, in