Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009 - The University of Texas at ...

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Figure 2.23f: Measured section at the East Coast Road Beneath Sleeping Giant Ridge showing stacked channel fill packages interbedded with channel margin packages. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing. ....................... 94 Figure 2.24: Channel element identified at the Ermy Bourne Ridge. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing................................................... 96 Figure 2.25: Photograph of Walker’s Ridge showing the channelized sands overlying an extensive overbank levee sequence. Blue lines show the location of the measured sections. View looking north. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing.................................................................................................................. 97 Figure 2.26: Photograph of Walker’s Ridge showing the location of the measured section WRB and shows a dip section view of the outcrop. View looking West. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing................................................... 98 Figure 2.27: Correlation of sections measured at Walker’s Ridge Upper showing the stacking patterns observed at this location. Orange dot on WRRB section identifies the location that Photographs A and B were taken. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing.......................................................................................... 99 Figure 2.28: Photograph of Diplocraterion habichi found at Walker’s Ridge and comparison to example from literature........................................................................... 100 Figure 2.29 : Sharp based coarse gained sand bed overlying finer grained silt and mud at Walker’s Ridge. Marker for scale................................................................................... 101 Figure 2.30: Ripple laminations within a fine-grained sand bed at Walker’s Ridge. Marker for scale. ............................................................................................................. 101 Figure 2.31: Conglomerate with erosive base that overlies fine grained sand bed at Walkers Ridge. Marker for scale. ................................................................................... 102 Figure 2.32: Laminated sand, silt and muds of Walker’s Ridge Lower. Lighter colored laminae are thin sand beds. Red arrow points to 20 cm thick coarse grained sand bed with an erosive base. View looking northwest. ...................................................................... 103 Figure 2.33: Thalassinoides trace fossil observed at Mount All. Pencil for scale.......... 104 Figure 2.34: Mount All measured stratigraphic section A.............................................. 105 Figure 2.37: Medium grained sand bed at ITR outcrop. Marker for scale. .................... 108 Figure 2.38a: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge measured stratigraphic section, interpreted as deposits of a deep water fan depositional lobe. .............................................................. 109 Figure 2.38c: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge measured stratigraphic section interpreted as deposits of a deep water fan depositional lobe. .............................................................. 111 Figure 2.38d: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge measured stratigraphic section interpreted as deposits of a deep water fan depositional lobe. .............................................................. 112 Figure 2.38e: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge measured stratigraphic section interpreted as deposits of a deep water fan depositional lobe. .............................................................. 113 Figure 2.39: Spa Hill measured stratigraphic sections and correlation panel. The section is interpreted as deep water channel and channel margin elements. .................................. 114 Figure 2.41: Interbedded sandstone and mudstone levee-deposits flanking the channels within the JRC on the left, Facies 5 of the Scotland Formation on the right (photo taken at the Ermy Bourne Ridge). Photo on the left is from Lowe (2004). ................................. 116 xii
Figure 2.42: Coarse, cobble and pebble conglomerate channel fill of the Juniper Ridge Conglomerate on the left photo from Lowe, (2004). The Scotland Formation is on the right................................................................................................................................. 116 Table 2.1: Latitudes and Longitudes of outcrop locations where data was collected for this study. ........................................................................................................................ 117 Figure 3.1: Fractured quartz grain (qtz). Secondary porosity is created within factures. Also note that no quartz cement has precipitated within fractures. ................................ 118 Figure 3.2: Recycled quartz grain. Red arrow shows broken overgrowth. Volcanic rock fragment comprised of weathered feldspars and pyrite is labeled VRF. ........................ 118 Figure 3.3: Pink stained Ca-plagioclase (plag) that is being weathered. Red arrow shows late stage hematite cement and clay that are filling pore spaces. Quartz grain are labeled with qtz............................................................................................................................ 119 Figure 3.4: Volcanic rock fragment (VRF) surrounded by recycled quartz (qtz). Black dots within the VRF grain are pyrite. Red arrow shows a K-feldspar grain that has been almost completely dissolved by formation fluids. .......................................................... 119 Figure 3.5: Measured Section of outcrop SGRF showing the beds where samples SGRF 1C, SGRF 9C, SGRF 11B were collected. ..................................................................... 120 Figure 3.6: Photo of sample SGRF 1C showing fractured quartz grains (red arrows) and the lack of fine-grained matrix. K feldspar is identified with a K. ................................. 121 Figure 3.7: Photo of sample SGRF 9C showing grain-to-grain contact. Note the fractured grains and the lack of fine-grained matrix and cement................................................... 121 Figure 3.8: Photo of sample SGRF 11B showing fractured grains outlined in red plagioclase feldspar (plag), pore filling kaolinite (kao) and a volcanic rock fragment (VRF). ............................................................................................................................. 122 Figure 3.9: Measured Section of outcrop SGRF showing the bed where sample SGRF 19C was collected. .......................................................................................................... 123 Figure 3.10: Photo of sample SGRF 19C showing grain to grain contact. Note the fractured grains outlined in red and the lack of cement, lack of fine-grained matrix and a volcanic rock fragment (VRF)........................................................................................ 124 Figure 3.11: Measured Section of outcrop WRA showing the bed where sample WRA 16 was collected................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 3.12: Photo of sample WRA 16 showing fractured quartz grains, some of which are outlined in red, organic (O) matter and one feldspar grain that has been replaced by kaolinite (kao). Red arrow points to hematite cement. ................................................... 126 Figure 3.13: Measured Section of outcrop WRB showing the bed where sample WRB 8 was collected................................................................................................................... 127 Figure 3.14: Photo of sample WRB 8 showing fractures in quartz grains (red arrows). 128 Figure 3.15: Measured Section of outcrop ITR showing the beds where samples ITR 9 and ITR 14 were collected. ............................................................................................. 129 Figure 3.16: Photo of sample ITR 9 showing increased plagioclase (pink) labeled plag and K-feldspar (light brown and yellowish) content labeled K. Hematite cement (black/opaque) is present within pore spaces and is in some areas occluding pore throats (yellow arrows). .............................................................................................................. 130 xiii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009
Page 3 and 4: Sedimentation within the Tobago For
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1: Latitudes
Page 11: Figure 2.14: Planar parallel lamina
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.3a: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
Page 17 and 18: 1. Development history of the south
Page 19 and 20: Formation. This interpretation requ
Page 21 and 22: DATA AND METHODOLOGY Extensive work
Page 23 and 24: DESCRIPTIVE METHODOLOGY Each sectio
Page 25 and 26: Two or more channel complexes stack
Page 27 and 28: These poorly sorted sands are later
Page 29 and 30: East Coast Road Although the East C
Page 31 and 32: succession of interlaminated siltst
Page 33 and 34: Mount All The beds of the Mount All
Page 35 and 36: Lobes are non-channelized bodies, 3
Page 37 and 38: Sandy units are the most resistant
Page 39 and 40: SUMMARY DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE
Page 41 and 42: Chapter Three: Petrographic Analysi
Page 43 and 44: had not been buried deeply or long
Page 45 and 46: Feldspars Calcium Plagioclase Felds
Page 47 and 48: Authigenic Minerals Authigenic mine
Page 49 and 50: amounts of chlorite and kaolinite c
Page 51 and 52: Sample: WRA 16 This sample was take
Page 53 and 54: cementation is observed. A number o
Page 55 and 56: COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORK Punch
Page 57 and 58: K feldspar preservation to slightly
Page 59 and 60: CONCLUSIONS 1. No quartz cementatio
Page 61 and 62: The highest point of the island, is
Page 63 and 64:
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ONSHORE TO
Page 65 and 66:
STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE BARBADO
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Sandy material is primarily quartz
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esult of extension caused by flexur
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1994). The origin of the Oceanic Fo
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Oligocene-age sediments are deposit
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The observation of channel geometri
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Pudsey, (1982) interpreted smectite
Page 79 and 80:
The interpretation of the Scotland
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Figure 1.2: Convergent margins arou
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NSF Study Lines Grenada St. Kitts S
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Figure 2.2: Generalized vertical se
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Figure 2.4: Detailed Geological map
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Figure 2.6: Photographs and illustr
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Figure 2.8: Bedsets on the channel
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S 50 m Figure 2.10: Photo-panorama
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Figure 2.13: Laminated silt and mud
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Figure 2.16a: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.16c: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.18: Correlation of section
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Figure 2.21: Parallel laminated sil
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
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Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2.24: Channel element identi
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WRB S N Fresh rock face exposed by
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Figure 2.28: Photograph of Diplocra
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Figure 2.31: Conglomerate with eros
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Figure 2.33: Thalassinoides trace f
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Figure 2.35: Mount All measured str
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Figure 2.37: Medium grained sand be
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Figure 2.38b: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.38d: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.39: Spa Hill measured stra
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Juniper Ridge, California Scotland
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Figure 3.1: Fractured quartz grain
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SGRF 1C SGRF 9C Figure 3.5: Measure
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Figure 3.8: Photo of sample SGRF 11
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Figure 3.10: Photo of sample SGRF 1
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Figure 3.12: Photo of sample WRA 16
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Figure 3.14: Photo of sample WRB 8
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Figure 3.16: Photo of sample ITR 9
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Figure 3.19: Photo of sample CMRA s
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Figure 3. 23: Composition of Scotla
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Figure 4.1: Base map showing seismi
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Figure 4.3: Channels within Unit Fi
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Figure 4.5: Seismic reflection prof
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Figure 4.7 Isochron maps of the old
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Figure 4.9: Illustration of the Spe
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Figure 4.11: Illustration of Hypoth
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necessary to clear a path. Keep to
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2006 Figure A.2a: Lidar Ridge measu
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Figure A.3b: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
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2006 Figure A.4a: Chalky Mount Ridg
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2006 Figure A.4c: Chalky Mount Ridg
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2006 Figure A.6: Chalky Mount Ridge
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Figure A.7b: Measured Section of Ch
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2006 Figure A.8a: Sleeping Giant Ri
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2006 Figure A.9: Sleeping Giant Rid
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2006 Figure A.11: Sleeping Giant Ri
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Figure A.13a: Sleeping Giant Ridge
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2006 Figure A.14a: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14c: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14e: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14g: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.15: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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2006 Figure A.17: Spa Hill Fold Mea
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2006 Figure A.19: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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Figure A.20b: Walkers Ridge Measure
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Figure A.21: Walkers Ridge Measured
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Figure A.22b: Walkers Ridge Measure
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2007 Figure A.23b: Inner Turner’s
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2007 Figure A.23d: Inner Turner’s
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Framework grains Quartz Feldspar Ro
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CRIMES, T.P., 1977, Trace fossils o
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MONTGOMERY, S.L., BARKER, C.E., SEA
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RICHARDS, M., BOWMAN, M., and READI
Page 217 and 218:
WEBER, J.C., DIXON, T.H., DEMETS, C
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