SPEED, R.C., and CHENG, H., 2004, Evolution <strong>of</strong> Marine Terraces and Sea Level in the Last Interglacial, Cave Hill Barbados: GSA Bulletin, v. 116, p. 219- 232. SPRAGUE, A.R., SULLIVAN, M.D., CAMPION, K.M., JENSEN, G.N., GOULDING, F.J., GARFIELD, T.R., SICKAFOOSE, D.K., ROSSEN, C., JENNETTE, D.C., BEAUBOUEF, R.T., ABREU, V., ARDILL, J., PORTER, M.L., ZELT, F.B., and ANONYMOUS, 2002, <strong>The</strong> physical str<strong>at</strong>igraphy <strong>of</strong> deep-w<strong>at</strong>er str<strong>at</strong>a; a hierarchical approach to the analysis <strong>of</strong> genetically rel<strong>at</strong>ed str<strong>at</strong>igraphic elements for improved reservoir prediction AAPG annual convention with SEPM v. 2002, p. 167. TAYLOR, F.W., and MANN, P., 1991, L<strong>at</strong>e Qu<strong>at</strong>ernary folding <strong>of</strong> coral reef terraces, Barbados: Geology, v. 29, p. 103-106. TORRINI, R., and SPEED, R., 1989, Tectonic Wedging in the Forearc Basin- Accretionary Prism Transition, Lesser Antilles Forearc: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 10, 549 - 10, 584. TRECHMANN, C.T., 1925, <strong>The</strong> Scotland beds <strong>of</strong> Barbados Geological Magazine v. 62, p. 481-504. TRECHMANN, C.T., 1933, <strong>The</strong> uplift <strong>of</strong> Barbados Geological Magazine v. 70, p. 19- 47. TRECHMANN, C.T., 1937, <strong>The</strong> base and top <strong>of</strong> the coral-rock in Barbados Geological Magazine v. 74, p. 337-359. VANNUCCHI, P., GALEOTTI, S., CLIFT, P.D., RANERO, C.R., and VON HUENE, R., 2004, Long-term subduction-erosion along the Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan margin <strong>of</strong> the Middle America Trench: Geology, v. 32, p. 617-620. VERMEESCH, P., MILLER, D.D., GRAHAM, S.A., DE GRAVE, J., and MCWILLIAMS, M.O., 2006, Multimethod detrital thermochronology <strong>of</strong> the Gre<strong>at</strong> Valley Group near New Idria, California: GSA Bulletin, v. 118, p. 210-218. VON HUENE, R., and SCHOLL, D.W., 1991, Observ<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>at</strong> convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth <strong>of</strong> continental crust Reviews <strong>of</strong> Geophysics v. 29, p. 279-316. WALDERHAUG, O., 1996, Kinetic modeling <strong>of</strong> quartz cement<strong>at</strong>ion and porosity loss in deeply buried sandstone reservoirs: AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, p. 731-745. WALKER, R.G., 1978, Deep-w<strong>at</strong>er sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans; models for explor<strong>at</strong>ion for str<strong>at</strong>igraphic traps: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, p. 932- 966. WEBB, G.W., 1981, Stevens and earlier Miocene turbidite sandstones, southern San Joaquin Valley, California: AAPG Bulletin, v. 65, p. 438-465. WOOD, L.J., SULLIVAN, S., and MANN, P., 2004, Influence <strong>of</strong> mobile shales in the cre<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> successful hydrocarbon basins: concepts, applic<strong>at</strong>ions, and case studies for the 21st century: 24th Annual GCSSEPM Found<strong>at</strong>ion Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, p. 892–930. 201
WEBER, J.C., DIXON, T.H., DEMETS, C., AMBEH, W.B., JANSMA, P., MATTIOLI, G., SALEH, J., SELLA, G., BILHAM, R., PEREZ, O., PEREZ, O.J., BENDICK, R., VELANDIA, J.R., HERNANDEZ, N., MONCAYO, C., HOYER, M., and KOZUCH, M., 2001, GPS estim<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> rel<strong>at</strong>ive motion between the Caribbean and South American pl<strong>at</strong>es, and geologic implic<strong>at</strong>ions for Trinidad and Venezuela Velocity field across the southern Caribbean pl<strong>at</strong>e boundary and estim<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Caribbean/South-American pl<strong>at</strong>e motion using GPS geodesy 1994- 2000 Geophysical Research Letters v. 2928, p. 75-a-78 2987-2990. WEIMER, P., 1990, Sequence str<strong>at</strong>igraphy, facies geometries, and depositional history <strong>of</strong> the Mississippi Fan, Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico: AAPG Bulletin, v. 74, p. 425-453. WEIMER, P., 1995, Sequence str<strong>at</strong>igraphy <strong>of</strong> the Mississippi Fan (l<strong>at</strong>e Miocene- Pleistocene), northern deep Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico in Pickering, K.T., Hiscott, R.N., Kenyon, N.H., Ricci Lucchi, F., and Smith, R.D.A., eds., Atlas <strong>of</strong> deep w<strong>at</strong>er environments; architectural style in turbidite systems London Chapman and Hall p. 94-99. WESTBROOK, G.K., 1973, Lesser Antilles Subduction Zone in the Vicinity <strong>of</strong> Barbados, in Bott, M.H.P., and Peacock, J.H., eds., N<strong>at</strong>ure; Physical Science London: United Kingdom, Macmillan Journals : London, United Kingdom, p. 118. WILKINSON, M., and HASZELDINE, R.S., 1996, Aluminium loss during sandstone diagenesis: Journal <strong>of</strong> the Geological Society, v. 153, p. 657-660. WILKINSON, M., MILLIKEN, K.L., and HASZELDINE, R.S., 2001, System<strong>at</strong>ic destruction <strong>of</strong> K-feldspar in deeply buried rift and passive margin sandstones: Journal <strong>of</strong> the Geological Society, v. 158, p. 675-683. WINN, R.D., and DOTT, R.H., 1979, Deep-w<strong>at</strong>er fan-channel conglomer<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> L<strong>at</strong>e Cretaceous age, southern Chile Sedimentology v. 26, p. 203-228. WOOD, L.J., SULLIVAN, S., and MANN, P., 2004, Influence <strong>of</strong> mobile shales in the cre<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> successful hydrocarbon basins: concepts, applic<strong>at</strong>ions, and case studies for the 21st century: 24th Annual GCSSEPM Found<strong>at</strong>ion Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, p. 892–930. WUELLNER, D.E., and JAMES, W.C., 1989, Braided and meandering submarine fan channel deposits, Tesnus Form<strong>at</strong>ion, Mar<strong>at</strong>hon Basin, West <strong>Texas</strong> Sedimentary Geology v. 62, p. 27-45. 202
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Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009
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Sedimentation within the Tobago For
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Table of Contents List of Tables ..
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Latitudes
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Figure 2.14: Planar parallel lamina
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Figure 2.42: Coarse, cobble and peb
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Figure A.3a: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
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1. Development history of the south
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Formation. This interpretation requ
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DATA AND METHODOLOGY Extensive work
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DESCRIPTIVE METHODOLOGY Each sectio
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Two or more channel complexes stack
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These poorly sorted sands are later
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East Coast Road Although the East C
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succession of interlaminated siltst
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Mount All The beds of the Mount All
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Lobes are non-channelized bodies, 3
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Sandy units are the most resistant
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SUMMARY DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE
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Chapter Three: Petrographic Analysi
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had not been buried deeply or long
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Feldspars Calcium Plagioclase Felds
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Authigenic Minerals Authigenic mine
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amounts of chlorite and kaolinite c
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Sample: WRA 16 This sample was take
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cementation is observed. A number o
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COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORK Punch
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K feldspar preservation to slightly
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CONCLUSIONS 1. No quartz cementatio
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The highest point of the island, is
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STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ONSHORE TO
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STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE BARBADO
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Sandy material is primarily quartz
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esult of extension caused by flexur
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1994). The origin of the Oceanic Fo
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Oligocene-age sediments are deposit
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The observation of channel geometri
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Pudsey, (1982) interpreted smectite
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The interpretation of the Scotland
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Figure 1.2: Convergent margins arou
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NSF Study Lines Grenada St. Kitts S
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Figure 2.2: Generalized vertical se
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Figure 2.4: Detailed Geological map
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Figure 2.6: Photographs and illustr
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Figure 2.8: Bedsets on the channel
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S 50 m Figure 2.10: Photo-panorama
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Figure 2.13: Laminated silt and mud
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Figure 2.16a: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.16c: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.18: Correlation of section
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Figure 2.21: Parallel laminated sil
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
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Figure 2.24: Channel element identi
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WRB S N Fresh rock face exposed by
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Figure 2.28: Photograph of Diplocra
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Figure 2.31: Conglomerate with eros
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Figure 2.33: Thalassinoides trace f
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Figure 2.35: Mount All measured str
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Figure 2.37: Medium grained sand be
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Figure 2.38b: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.38d: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.39: Spa Hill measured stra
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Juniper Ridge, California Scotland
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Figure 3.1: Fractured quartz grain
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SGRF 1C SGRF 9C Figure 3.5: Measure
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Figure 3.8: Photo of sample SGRF 11
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Figure 3.10: Photo of sample SGRF 1
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Figure 3.12: Photo of sample WRA 16
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Figure 3.14: Photo of sample WRB 8
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Figure 3.16: Photo of sample ITR 9
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Figure 3.19: Photo of sample CMRA s
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Figure 3. 23: Composition of Scotla
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Figure 4.1: Base map showing seismi
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Figure 4.3: Channels within Unit Fi
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Figure 4.5: Seismic reflection prof
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Figure 4.7 Isochron maps of the old
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Figure 4.9: Illustration of the Spe
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Figure 4.11: Illustration of Hypoth
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necessary to clear a path. Keep to
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