Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009 - The University of Texas at ...

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Figure 3.17: Photo of sample ITR 14 showing decreased plagioclase (pink) content. K feldspar (light brown and yellowish) and quartz grains are more abundant in this sample. ......................................................................................................................................... 130 Figure 3.18: Measured Section of outcrop CMRA showing the beds where sample CMRA was collected. ..................................................................................................... 131 Figure 3.19: Photo of sample CMRA showing plagioclase (pink) and K-feldspar (light brown and yellowish) along with recycled quartz grains. Pore spaces are partially filled with grayish-brownish kaolinite cement......................................................................... 132 Figure 3.20: Photo of sample from Breedy’s location (see Figure 2.8) showing plagioclase (pink) labeled plag, and K-feldspar (light brown and yellowish) labeled K.. In the lower part of the photo there is a rounded, dark green grain that is a glauconite grain. Volcanic rock fragments (VRF) are also present. ................................................ 132 Figure 3.21: Composition of Scotland Formation samples point counted by Punch (2004), plotted on a QFR diagram. ................................................................................. 133 Figure 3.22: Composition of Scotland Formation samples point counted by Kasper and Larue, (1986) plotted on a QFR diagram........................................................................ 133 Figure 3. 23: Composition of Scotland Formation samples point counted in this study plotted on a QFR diagram............................................................................................... 134 Figure 4.1: Base map showing seismic line survey and location of seismic lines used for interpretation in this study. Numbers indicate lines shown in this paper. BB- Barbados Basin TFB- Tobago Forearc Basin, LAIA- Lesser Antilles Island Arc. ........................ 136 Figure 4.2: Sedimentary units in outcrop and the seismic response of their offshore equivalents ...................................................................................................................... 137 Figure 4.3: Channels within Unit Five. The light blue horizon is the Middle Miocene unconformity that bounds the top of Unit Four. ............................................................. 138 Figure 4.4: East-west seismic reflection profile showing the structural provinces within the study area. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing. ......................................................................................................................................... 139 Figure 4.5: Seismic reflection profile across the Barbados Ridge which shows the Barbados Fault to the east and the Tobago Forearc Basin sediments that onlap the Barbados Accretionary Prism sediments to the west. The location of this seismic line is shown as line 2 in Figure 4.1. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing................................................................................................................ 140 ......................................................................................................................................... 141 Figure 4.8: Isochron maps of the Lower Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene Tobago Basin fill. ......................................................................................................................................... 143 Figure 4.9: Illustration of the Speed model of tectonic emplacement of the Oceanic Formation (Tobago Forearc Basin sediments) onto accretionary prism sediments........ 144 Figure 4.11: Illustration of Hypothesis 2- early pelagic sedimentation (Oceanic Equivalents) followed by clastic basin fill (Scotland Formation) and a return to pelagic sedimentation (Oceanic Formation) that is deposited conformably on the clastic basin fill. ......................................................................................................................................... 146 Figure A.1: Location map showing Scotland District Outcrops. Oversized Plate (11x17) requires plotter or printer with tabloid printing. ............................................................. 149 Figure A.2a: Lidar Ridge measured section. .................................................................. 150 xiv
Figure A.3a: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section A................................................. 151 Figure A.3b: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section A................................................. 152 Figure A.3c: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section A................................................. 153 Figure A.4b: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section B................................................. 155 Figure A.4c: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section B. ................................................ 156 Figure A.5: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section C................................................... 157 Figure A.6: Chalky Mount Ridge measured section D................................................... 158 Figure A.7a: Measured Section of Chalky Mount Shale Ridge...................................... 159 Figure A.7b: Measured Section of Chalky Mount Shale Ridge. .................................... 160 Figure A.7c: Measured Section of Chalky Mount Shale Ridge...................................... 161 Figure A.8a: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section A. .............................................. 162 Figure A.8b: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section A............................................... 163 Figure A.9: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section B. ................................................ 164 Figure A.10: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section C. .............................................. 165 Figure A.11: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section D............................................... 166 Figure A.12: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section E. .............................................. 167 Figure A.13a: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section F.............................................. 168 Figure A.13b: Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section F.............................................. 169 Figure A.14a: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section. ................. 170 Figure A.14b: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section.................. 171 Figure A.14c: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section. ................. 172 Figure A.14d: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section.................. 173 Figure A.14e: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section. ................. 174 Figure A.14f: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section................... 175 Figure A.14g: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section.................. 176 Figure A.14h: Coast Road Below Sleeping Giant Ridge Measured Section.................. 177 Figure A.15: Ermy Bourne Ridge Measured Section 1. ................................................. 178 Figure A.16: Ermy Bourne Ridge Measured Section 1. ................................................. 179 Figure A.17: Spa Hill Fold Measured Section 1............................................................. 180 Figure A.18: Spa Hill Fold Measured Section 2............................................................. 181 Figure A.19: Ermy Bourne Ridge Measured Section 1. ................................................. 182 Figure A.20a: Walkers Ridge Measured Section A........................................................ 183 Figure A.20b: Walkers Ridge Measured Section A........................................................ 184 Figure A.20c: Walkers Ridge Measured Section A........................................................ 185 Figure A.21: Walkers Ridge Measured Section B.......................................................... 186 Figure A.22a: Walkers Ridge Measured Section C........................................................ 187 Figure A.22b: Walkers Ridge Measured Section C........................................................ 188 Figure A.23a: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge Measured Section.......................................... 189 Figure A.23b: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge Measured Section.......................................... 190 Figure A.23c: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge Measured Section......................................... 191 Figure A.23d: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge Measured Section.......................................... 192 Figure A.23e: Inner Turner’s Hall Ridge Measured Section.......................................... 193 xv
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009
Page 3 and 4: Sedimentation within the Tobago For
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1: Latitudes
Page 11 and 12: Figure 2.14: Planar parallel lamina
Page 13: Figure 2.42: Coarse, cobble and peb
Page 17 and 18: 1. Development history of the south
Page 19 and 20: Formation. This interpretation requ
Page 21 and 22: DATA AND METHODOLOGY Extensive work
Page 23 and 24: DESCRIPTIVE METHODOLOGY Each sectio
Page 25 and 26: Two or more channel complexes stack
Page 27 and 28: These poorly sorted sands are later
Page 29 and 30: East Coast Road Although the East C
Page 31 and 32: succession of interlaminated siltst
Page 33 and 34: Mount All The beds of the Mount All
Page 35 and 36: Lobes are non-channelized bodies, 3
Page 37 and 38: Sandy units are the most resistant
Page 39 and 40: SUMMARY DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE
Page 41 and 42: Chapter Three: Petrographic Analysi
Page 43 and 44: had not been buried deeply or long
Page 45 and 46: Feldspars Calcium Plagioclase Felds
Page 47 and 48: Authigenic Minerals Authigenic mine
Page 49 and 50: amounts of chlorite and kaolinite c
Page 51 and 52: Sample: WRA 16 This sample was take
Page 53 and 54: cementation is observed. A number o
Page 55 and 56: COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORK Punch
Page 57 and 58: K feldspar preservation to slightly
Page 59 and 60: CONCLUSIONS 1. No quartz cementatio
Page 61 and 62: The highest point of the island, is
Page 63 and 64: STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ONSHORE TO
Page 65 and 66:
STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE BARBADO
Page 67 and 68:
Sandy material is primarily quartz
Page 69 and 70:
esult of extension caused by flexur
Page 71 and 72:
1994). The origin of the Oceanic Fo
Page 73 and 74:
Oligocene-age sediments are deposit
Page 75 and 76:
The observation of channel geometri
Page 77 and 78:
Pudsey, (1982) interpreted smectite
Page 79 and 80:
The interpretation of the Scotland
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 1.2: Convergent margins arou
Page 83 and 84:
NSF Study Lines Grenada St. Kitts S
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 2.2: Generalized vertical se
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 2.4: Detailed Geological map
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2.6: Photographs and illustr
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 2.8: Bedsets on the channel
Page 93 and 94:
S 50 m Figure 2.10: Photo-panorama
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 2.13: Laminated silt and mud
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 2.16a: Measured section at C
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2.16c: Measured section at C
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 2.18: Correlation of section
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 2.21: Parallel laminated sil
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2.24: Channel element identi
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WRB S N Fresh rock face exposed by
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Figure 2.28: Photograph of Diplocra
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 2.31: Conglomerate with eros
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Figure 2.33: Thalassinoides trace f
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 2.35: Mount All measured str
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 2.37: Medium grained sand be
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 2.38b: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.38d: Inner Turner’s Hall
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 2.39: Spa Hill measured stra
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Juniper Ridge, California Scotland
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 3.1: Fractured quartz grain
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SGRF 1C SGRF 9C Figure 3.5: Measure
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 3.8: Photo of sample SGRF 11
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Figure 3.10: Photo of sample SGRF 1
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 3.12: Photo of sample WRA 16
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Figure 3.14: Photo of sample WRB 8
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3.16: Photo of sample ITR 9
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 3.19: Photo of sample CMRA s
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 3. 23: Composition of Scotla
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 4.1: Base map showing seismi
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 4.3: Channels within Unit Fi
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 4.5: Seismic reflection prof
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 4.7 Isochron maps of the old
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 4.9: Illustration of the Spe
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 4.11: Illustration of Hypoth
Page 163 and 164:
necessary to clear a path. Keep to
Page 165 and 166:
2006 Figure A.2a: Lidar Ridge measu
Page 167 and 168:
Figure A.3b: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
Page 169 and 170:
2006 Figure A.4a: Chalky Mount Ridg
Page 171 and 172:
2006 Figure A.4c: Chalky Mount Ridg
Page 173 and 174:
2006 Figure A.6: Chalky Mount Ridge
Page 175 and 176:
Figure A.7b: Measured Section of Ch
Page 177 and 178:
2006 Figure A.8a: Sleeping Giant Ri
Page 179 and 180:
2006 Figure A.9: Sleeping Giant Rid
Page 181 and 182:
2006 Figure A.11: Sleeping Giant Ri
Page 183 and 184:
Figure A.13a: Sleeping Giant Ridge
Page 185 and 186:
2006 Figure A.14a: Coast Road Below
Page 187 and 188:
2006 Figure A.14c: Coast Road Below
Page 189 and 190:
2006 Figure A.14e: Coast Road Below
Page 191 and 192:
2006 Figure A.14g: Coast Road Below
Page 193 and 194:
2006 Figure A.15: Ermy Bourne Ridge
Page 195 and 196:
2006 Figure A.17: Spa Hill Fold Mea
Page 197 and 198:
2006 Figure A.19: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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Figure A.20b: Walkers Ridge Measure
Page 201 and 202:
Figure A.21: Walkers Ridge Measured
Page 203 and 204:
Figure A.22b: Walkers Ridge Measure
Page 205 and 206:
2007 Figure A.23b: Inner Turner’s
Page 207 and 208:
2007 Figure A.23d: Inner Turner’s
Page 209 and 210:
Framework grains Quartz Feldspar Ro
Page 211 and 212:
CRIMES, T.P., 1977, Trace fossils o
Page 213 and 214:
MONTGOMERY, S.L., BARKER, C.E., SEA
Page 215 and 216:
RICHARDS, M., BOWMAN, M., and READI
Page 217 and 218:
WEBER, J.C., DIXON, T.H., DEMETS, C
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