Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009 - The University of Texas at ...

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element number 6 has the mostly deeply eroded base at this location with approximately 5 m of scour (Figure 2.15). Together the eight stacked channel elements form a channel complex in the sense of Campion (2000) (Figure 2.8 and 2.15). The upper portion of the outcrop is characterized by 10 m of laminated silts, muds and rare sand beds that comprise Facies 6. It is possible that more of this facies existed at one, time but was eroded. Thin bedded turbidite deposits that overlie a channel complex such as those of Facies 6 at this location, record an abandonment of the channel complex in space or time (Schwarz and Arnott, 2007). Chalky Mount Lower (CML) This section is located at the base of the prominent Chalky Mount Ridge. Although the contact between the two areas is obscured by thick vegetation, it is thought to be a fault due to the appearance that the entire Chalky Mount Upper package seems to have been thrust into place with beds at the southern end of the outcrop as the beds are almost vertical. The Chalky Mount Upper package is nevertheless still interpreted to overlie the Chalky Mount Lower at this locality. However, one must bear in mind that the upper part has been displaced some unknown distance from its original location of deposition. Description The Chalky Mount Lower (CML) section is a large thickness of finer-grained sediments geographically located beneath the Chalky Mount Upper section. However, the exact stratigraphic relationship to the CMU is not known due to separation of the two intervals by a thrust fault. The CML consists of 50 meters of continuous section characterized at its base by several thicker bedded (20-70 cm), sharp-based, coarse-grained sands (Figure 2.16a-c). 11
These poorly sorted sands are laterally continuous for the length of the outcrop (approximately 20 m). These sands are coarse grained with some granules. The bases of these sands are erosive and are locally overlain by a lag of armored mud balls. Sandstone beds become thinner up-section and finer. The finer-grained sands have both planar laminations and climbing ripples. However, ripples are not found up- section as the uppermost sands show only parallel laminations. Dewatering structures related to the loading of sand beds onto finer grained silt and mud beds was also noted. Although there are thin (2-4 cm) sand beds at the top of the section, the majority of the prominent sand beds occur at the base of the section. Some unidentified trace fossils appear in the units. The lower 10 meters of the section is dominated by interbedded centimeter scale Te, Tb beds, minor Tc, Td and rare Ta beds that make up the sands, silts and muds of Facies 6. In this lower 10 m, there are medium grained sands with erosive bases that are absent in the upper portion of the section. Successions of thin bedded turbidite deposits that are 10’s of m thick (> 40 m) are interpreted to record an abandonment of the channel complex set in space or time (Campion, 2000; Schwarz and Arnott, 2007). In addition the presence of sand beds with scoured bases confirm that this thick deposit of Facies 6 is not a distal basin plain deposit, but a thick master levee deposit as described by Mutti (1977). Sleeping Giant Ridge (SGR) The Sleeping Giant Ridge outcrop (Figure 2.17) is separated from the Chalky Mount by a NE-SW oriented thrust fault (Poole and Barker, 1980; Speed, 1983). Although there is a clear relationship between the two outcrops, the amount of displacement from one outcrop to another is unknown. Therefore, although the Sleeping Giant Ridge outcrops are interpreted as the same depositional “phase” of the system as the Chalky Mount Upper, the beds that have been measured at each locality cannot be traced from one outcrop to the other. 12
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009
Page 3 and 4: Sedimentation within the Tobago For
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1: Latitudes
Page 11 and 12: Figure 2.14: Planar parallel lamina
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2.42: Coarse, cobble and peb
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.3a: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
Page 17 and 18: 1. Development history of the south
Page 19 and 20: Formation. This interpretation requ
Page 21 and 22: DATA AND METHODOLOGY Extensive work
Page 23 and 24: DESCRIPTIVE METHODOLOGY Each sectio
Page 25: Two or more channel complexes stack
Page 29 and 30: East Coast Road Although the East C
Page 31 and 32: succession of interlaminated siltst
Page 33 and 34: Mount All The beds of the Mount All
Page 35 and 36: Lobes are non-channelized bodies, 3
Page 37 and 38: Sandy units are the most resistant
Page 39 and 40: SUMMARY DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE
Page 41 and 42: Chapter Three: Petrographic Analysi
Page 43 and 44: had not been buried deeply or long
Page 45 and 46: Feldspars Calcium Plagioclase Felds
Page 47 and 48: Authigenic Minerals Authigenic mine
Page 49 and 50: amounts of chlorite and kaolinite c
Page 51 and 52: Sample: WRA 16 This sample was take
Page 53 and 54: cementation is observed. A number o
Page 55 and 56: COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORK Punch
Page 57 and 58: K feldspar preservation to slightly
Page 59 and 60: CONCLUSIONS 1. No quartz cementatio
Page 61 and 62: The highest point of the island, is
Page 63 and 64: STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ONSHORE TO
Page 65 and 66: STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE BARBADO
Page 67 and 68: Sandy material is primarily quartz
Page 69 and 70: esult of extension caused by flexur
Page 71 and 72: 1994). The origin of the Oceanic Fo
Page 73 and 74: Oligocene-age sediments are deposit
Page 75 and 76: The observation of channel geometri
Page 77 and 78:
Pudsey, (1982) interpreted smectite
Page 79 and 80:
The interpretation of the Scotland
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 1.2: Convergent margins arou
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NSF Study Lines Grenada St. Kitts S
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 2.2: Generalized vertical se
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 2.4: Detailed Geological map
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2.6: Photographs and illustr
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 2.8: Bedsets on the channel
Page 93 and 94:
S 50 m Figure 2.10: Photo-panorama
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Figure 2.13: Laminated silt and mud
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Figure 2.16a: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.16c: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.18: Correlation of section
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Figure 2.21: Parallel laminated sil
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2.24: Channel element identi
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WRB S N Fresh rock face exposed by
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 2.28: Photograph of Diplocra
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Figure 2.31: Conglomerate with eros
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Figure 2.33: Thalassinoides trace f
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Figure 2.35: Mount All measured str
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Figure 2.37: Medium grained sand be
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Figure 2.38b: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.38d: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.39: Spa Hill measured stra
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Juniper Ridge, California Scotland
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Figure 3.1: Fractured quartz grain
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SGRF 1C SGRF 9C Figure 3.5: Measure
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 3.8: Photo of sample SGRF 11
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Figure 3.10: Photo of sample SGRF 1
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Figure 3.12: Photo of sample WRA 16
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Figure 3.14: Photo of sample WRB 8
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Figure 3.16: Photo of sample ITR 9
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Figure 3.19: Photo of sample CMRA s
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Figure 3. 23: Composition of Scotla
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Figure 4.1: Base map showing seismi
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Figure 4.3: Channels within Unit Fi
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Figure 4.5: Seismic reflection prof
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Figure 4.7 Isochron maps of the old
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Figure 4.9: Illustration of the Spe
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Figure 4.11: Illustration of Hypoth
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necessary to clear a path. Keep to
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2006 Figure A.2a: Lidar Ridge measu
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Figure A.3b: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
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2006 Figure A.4a: Chalky Mount Ridg
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2006 Figure A.4c: Chalky Mount Ridg
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2006 Figure A.6: Chalky Mount Ridge
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Figure A.7b: Measured Section of Ch
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2006 Figure A.8a: Sleeping Giant Ri
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2006 Figure A.9: Sleeping Giant Rid
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2006 Figure A.11: Sleeping Giant Ri
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Figure A.13a: Sleeping Giant Ridge
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2006 Figure A.14a: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14c: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14e: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14g: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.15: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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2006 Figure A.17: Spa Hill Fold Mea
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2006 Figure A.19: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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Figure A.20b: Walkers Ridge Measure
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Figure A.21: Walkers Ridge Measured
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Figure A.22b: Walkers Ridge Measure
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2007 Figure A.23b: Inner Turner’s
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2007 Figure A.23d: Inner Turner’s
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Framework grains Quartz Feldspar Ro
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CRIMES, T.P., 1977, Trace fossils o
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MONTGOMERY, S.L., BARKER, C.E., SEA
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RICHARDS, M., BOWMAN, M., and READI
Page 217 and 218:
WEBER, J.C., DIXON, T.H., DEMETS, C
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