Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009 - The University of Texas at ...

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ancient systems they include by channel-related overbank deposits, overbank wedges lacking sizeable channel fill units but locally containing discrete meter-thick packages of thin-bedded and fine-grained sandstone or mudstones of Facies 6 that are laterally persistent. These deposits are not commonly recognized in ancient fans and it has been suggested that they are often mistaken for ‘distal’ turbidites (Stow, Reading and Collinson, 1996) (Figure 2.7). Where these deposits overlie channel complexes, they record an abandonment phase in space or time of the channel complexes or channel complex set (Schwarz and Arnott, 2007). Levee deposits are characterized by the occurrence of thin bedded turbidites that occur as bundles of up to a few meters thick, with even- and parallel- bedding surfaces and minor lensing and wedging. Levee or inter-channel deposits are distinguished from basin plain deposits by the occurrence of broad and shallow channels that do not occur in basin plain deposits (Mutti, 1977). Lobes Lobes occur as roughly tabular, non-channelized bodies, 3 to 25 m thick composed of well-graded to thick-bedded classic turbidites, commonly developed as very small-scale, thinning- and thickening- upward cycles. This facies association is comprised of Facies 3, 4 and 5 of the Scotland Formation outcrops. Erosive bases are not common and have less erosional relief when they do occur than in some other elements of a fan system (Reading, 1991) (Figure 2.7). Deep Water Hierarchy Channel fill and channel margin/levee facies associations are comprised of high and low density turbidite deposits. A channel complex is comprised of two or more vertically or laterally stacked channel elements- of similar architectural style (Campion, 2000; Sprague et al., 2002; Abreu et al., 2003) (Figure 2.8). 9
Two or more channel complexes stack vertically to form a channel complex set The channel complex set is bound at its base by a basinward shift in facies and at its top by a surface of abandonment. Genetically related, stacked channel complex sets form a channel complex system (Campion, 2000; Sprague et al., 2002. Abreu et al. et al., 2003) (Figure 2.9). Chalky Mount The Chalky Mount outcrop (CM) is approximately 100 m high at its highest point and has over 400 m of continuous lateral exposure (Figure 2.10). Steep surfaces and the friable nature of the outcrop constrained the location of the measured sections. It is at location 1 in Figures 2.3 and 2.4. Description At the Chalky Mount exposure five stratigraphic sections were measured to document the vertical stacking of stratigraphic units and the lateral relationships between beds. The Chalky Mount section is composed of several separate depositional cycles which stack to form an overall fining up stratigraphic succession that is overlain by several meters of fine grained muds and silts (Figure 2.5, 2.6). The stratigraphic section consists of over 90% coarse-grained to granule sized sands. Individual beds at this location are predominantly S1 and S3 beds of Facies 2 and 3 that have wavy or scoured bases (Figure 2.11) along with the ripple laminated Tc beds of Facies 4 (Figure 2.12) and the cm scale, interbedded sand, silt and mud Tb, Td and Te f beds that comprise Facies 5 (Figure 2.13, 2.14). The coarse grained beds of Facies 2, 3 and 4 comprise the channel axis fill (Sprague et al., 2002; Abreu et al., 2003; Schwarz and Arnott, 2007) (Figures 2.8 and 2.9). The thin bedded turbidites of Facies 5 laterally inter-finger with channel fill associations and are interpreted as the margins or localized levees of the channels (Deptuck, 2003; Schwarz and Arnott, 2007). Up to nine individual channel elements made up of channel fill and margin facies associations are at this location. Channel 10
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Nysha Chaderton 2009
Page 3 and 4: Sedimentation within the Tobago For
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1: Latitudes
Page 11 and 12: Figure 2.14: Planar parallel lamina
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2.42: Coarse, cobble and peb
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.3a: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
Page 17 and 18: 1. Development history of the south
Page 19 and 20: Formation. This interpretation requ
Page 21 and 22: DATA AND METHODOLOGY Extensive work
Page 23: DESCRIPTIVE METHODOLOGY Each sectio
Page 27 and 28: These poorly sorted sands are later
Page 29 and 30: East Coast Road Although the East C
Page 31 and 32: succession of interlaminated siltst
Page 33 and 34: Mount All The beds of the Mount All
Page 35 and 36: Lobes are non-channelized bodies, 3
Page 37 and 38: Sandy units are the most resistant
Page 39 and 40: SUMMARY DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE
Page 41 and 42: Chapter Three: Petrographic Analysi
Page 43 and 44: had not been buried deeply or long
Page 45 and 46: Feldspars Calcium Plagioclase Felds
Page 47 and 48: Authigenic Minerals Authigenic mine
Page 49 and 50: amounts of chlorite and kaolinite c
Page 51 and 52: Sample: WRA 16 This sample was take
Page 53 and 54: cementation is observed. A number o
Page 55 and 56: COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORK Punch
Page 57 and 58: K feldspar preservation to slightly
Page 59 and 60: CONCLUSIONS 1. No quartz cementatio
Page 61 and 62: The highest point of the island, is
Page 63 and 64: STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ONSHORE TO
Page 65 and 66: STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE BARBADO
Page 67 and 68: Sandy material is primarily quartz
Page 69 and 70: esult of extension caused by flexur
Page 71 and 72: 1994). The origin of the Oceanic Fo
Page 73 and 74: Oligocene-age sediments are deposit
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The observation of channel geometri
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Pudsey, (1982) interpreted smectite
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The interpretation of the Scotland
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Figure 1.2: Convergent margins arou
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NSF Study Lines Grenada St. Kitts S
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Figure 2.2: Generalized vertical se
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Figure 2.4: Detailed Geological map
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Figure 2.6: Photographs and illustr
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Figure 2.8: Bedsets on the channel
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S 50 m Figure 2.10: Photo-panorama
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Figure 2.13: Laminated silt and mud
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Figure 2.16a: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.16c: Measured section at C
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Figure 2.18: Correlation of section
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Figure 2.21: Parallel laminated sil
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Wach, Vincent and Chaderton March 2
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Page 109 and 110:
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Figure 2.24: Channel element identi
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WRB S N Fresh rock face exposed by
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Figure 2.28: Photograph of Diplocra
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Figure 2.31: Conglomerate with eros
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Figure 2.33: Thalassinoides trace f
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Figure 2.35: Mount All measured str
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Figure 2.37: Medium grained sand be
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Figure 2.38b: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.38d: Inner Turner’s Hall
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Figure 2.39: Spa Hill measured stra
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Juniper Ridge, California Scotland
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Figure 3.1: Fractured quartz grain
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SGRF 1C SGRF 9C Figure 3.5: Measure
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Figure 3.8: Photo of sample SGRF 11
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Figure 3.10: Photo of sample SGRF 1
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Figure 3.12: Photo of sample WRA 16
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Figure 3.14: Photo of sample WRB 8
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Figure 3.16: Photo of sample ITR 9
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Figure 3.19: Photo of sample CMRA s
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Figure 3. 23: Composition of Scotla
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Figure 4.1: Base map showing seismi
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Figure 4.3: Channels within Unit Fi
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Figure 4.5: Seismic reflection prof
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Figure 4.7 Isochron maps of the old
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Figure 4.9: Illustration of the Spe
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Figure 4.11: Illustration of Hypoth
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necessary to clear a path. Keep to
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2006 Figure A.2a: Lidar Ridge measu
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Figure A.3b: Chalky Mount Ridge mea
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2006 Figure A.4a: Chalky Mount Ridg
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2006 Figure A.4c: Chalky Mount Ridg
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2006 Figure A.6: Chalky Mount Ridge
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Figure A.7b: Measured Section of Ch
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2006 Figure A.8a: Sleeping Giant Ri
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2006 Figure A.9: Sleeping Giant Rid
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2006 Figure A.11: Sleeping Giant Ri
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Figure A.13a: Sleeping Giant Ridge
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2006 Figure A.14a: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14c: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14e: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.14g: Coast Road Below
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2006 Figure A.15: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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2006 Figure A.17: Spa Hill Fold Mea
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2006 Figure A.19: Ermy Bourne Ridge
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Figure A.20b: Walkers Ridge Measure
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Figure A.21: Walkers Ridge Measured
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Figure A.22b: Walkers Ridge Measure
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2007 Figure A.23b: Inner Turner’s
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2007 Figure A.23d: Inner Turner’s
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Framework grains Quartz Feldspar Ro
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CRIMES, T.P., 1977, Trace fossils o
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MONTGOMERY, S.L., BARKER, C.E., SEA
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RICHARDS, M., BOWMAN, M., and READI
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WEBER, J.C., DIXON, T.H., DEMETS, C
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