A Grammar of Miya - UCLA Department of Linguistics

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I viii Contents 1.2. Tone marking system 2. Lexical Tone Distribution 2.1. Verbs 2.2. Nouns 2.3. Other substantive word classes 3. Tone Rules 3.1. Major tone rules 3.2. Tone rule ordering and application 3.3. Further remarks on LOW RAISING 4. Floating L Tones 5. Non-Downstepping H's and Other Residual Tone Problems 6. Tonal Phrases 6.1. Tonal phrasing within noun phrases 6.2. Tonal phrasing within verb phrases 6.3. Some tonal non-phrases 6.4. Some likely cases: adjunct phrases 7. Remarks on the Prosodic Hierarchy in Miya 4. VERBS AND VERBAL NOUNS 1. Verb Classes 1.1. Tennination classes and segmental structure 1.1.1. -a and 0 lexical termination classes 1.1.2. Indirect object stems and participles 1.1.3. Vowel length of -a terminations 1.2. Tone classes 1.2.1. Summary of Miya tonal processes 1.2.2. Clitic tones 1.2.3. Verb tone classes 1.2.3.1. "L" POLYVERBS 1.2.3.2. "H H" POLYVERBS 1.2.3.3. "H L" POL YVERBS 1.2.3.3.1. Regular tonal properties 1.2.3.3.2. Tonal inconsistencies and assimilations 1.2.3.3.3. Pluractional "H L" verbs 1.2.3.4. "L" MONOVERBS 1.2.3.4.1. Regular tone patterns 1.2.3.4.2. MONOSYLLABIC "VERB WORD" RAISING 1.2.3.4.3. "L" MONOVERBS with TO clitics 1.2.3.4.4. Pluractionals of "L" MONOVERBS 1.2.3.5. "H" MONOVERBS 1.2.3.6. Imperative tones 1.2.3.6.1. Singular Imperatives 1.2.3.6.2. Plural Imperatives 1.2.3.6.3. First person plural Imperatives 1.2.3.7. Tonal patterns in non-native verbs 1.2.3.8. Tonal effects of verbs on following noun phrases 39 40 40 40 46 48 48 49 53 55 62 64 64 66 67 69 72 77 77 77 78 79 80 80 82 84 85 87 90 90 92 93 95 95 96 97 98 98 100 100 101 103 105 107 p Contents ix 1.2.3.8.1. Verbs with objects 107 1.2.3.8.2. TO clitics followed by objects 108 1.2.3.8.3. Plural Imperative followed by objects 109 2. Verbal Nouns 109 2.1. Participles 11 0 2.1.1. Participle form 110 2.1.2. Participle function 110 2.2. Gerunds 112 2.2.1. Gerund form 112 2.2.2. Gerund function 114 2.3. Deverbal nouns 116 2.3.1. Deverbal noun form 116 2.3.2. Deverbal noun function 119 5. TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD (TAM) SYSTEM: VERB AND CLITIC FORMS 1. Overview of the Miya TAM System 121 2. Affirmative TAM's: subjects, auxiliaries, and verb forms 122 2.1. Verbal TAM's 122 2.1.1. Imperative 122 2.1.2. Hortative 122 2.1.3. Perfective 122 2.1.3.1. Perfective in clauses without questioned or focused constituents 123 2.1.3.2. Perfective with questioned or focused non-subjects 123 2.1.4. Counterfactual 124 2.2. Nominal TAM's 124 2.2.1. Subjunctive 124 2.2.2. Perfective with questioned or focused subject 127 2.2.3. Imperfective 128 2.2.3.1. Imperfective without additional auxiliaries 128 2.2.3.2. Continuative: Imperfective + aatda 'on' 129 2.2.3.3. Imperfective with additional AUX g- 2.2.3.4. Imperfective with AUX ee 131 134 2.2.3.5. Future using the s: ... -dy Totality construction 135 2.2.4. Imperfective with questioned or focused subject: AUXjiy 136 2.2.5. Conditional Future with AUX d 137 2.2.6. Conditional kwda 139 2.2.7. First person hortative: ga-PRO 139 2.2.8. Particles biy andjiy with Negative Subjunctive and nominal TAM's 140 2.2.9. The clitic d, 141 3. Negative TAM's 143 3.1. Negative Perfective 144 3.2. Negative Counterfactual 145 3.3. Negative Subjunctive 145 3.4. Negative Imperfective 146 3.4.1. Negative Continuative 146 3.4.2. AUX n-aa in Negative Imperfective 147
x Contents 3.5. Tones of negative markers 4. Pronominal Clitics with Verbal and Nominal TAM's 4.1. Intransitive Copy Pronouns (ICP) 4.2. Direct Objects (DO) 4.3. Indirect Objects (IO) 6. TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD (TAM) FUNCTIONS IN DISCOURSE 1. Discourse Structure 2. General Discourse Functions 2.1. Perfectivity 2.1.1. Completed events (anteriority) 2.1.2. States 2.2. Imperfectivity (durativity, habituality, posteriority) 2.3. Hortativity 2.4. Sequentiality 3. Narrative Discourse 3.1. Perfective and imperfective narrative discourse 3.2. Hortative narrative discourse 3.3. Descriptive narrative discourse 7. VERBAL EXTENSIONS AND VERB DERIVATION 1. Verbal Extensions: Does Miya Have Any? 2. Totality 2.1. Forms and syntactic conditions 2.2. Function and meaning of Totality 3. Pluractionals 4. Transitivity and Intransitivity 4.1. Lexically "intransitive" and lexically "neutral" verbs 4.1.1. Transitizing suffix -ay 4.1.2. Verbs of "neutral" transitivity 4.2. Intransitive Copy Pronouns (ICP) 5. Cognate Complements 5.1. Cognate complement form 5.2. Functions of cognate complements 8. PERSONAL PRONOUNS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES 1. Personal Pronouns 1.1. Independent pronouns 1.2. Subject pronouns 1.3. Enclitic pronouns 1.4. Independent genitives 2. Nouns 2.1. Canonical noun structure 2.2. Gender 2.3. Plurals 2.3.1. Regular plural formation 147 149 149 149 150 151 152 152 152 154 157 162 162 164 165 167 167 169 170 170 172 175 178 178 178 180 181 183 183 184 187 187 187 189 189 190 190 190 193 193 Contents 2.3.2. Irregular and suppletive plurals 2.3.3. Plural agreement vs. gender agreement 2.3.4. Remark on the semantics of plurals 2.4. Miscellaneous nominal forrnatives 2.4.1. Prefix d- 2.4.2. Suffix -(walta 2.4.3. Suffix -ay 3. Adjectives 4. Quantifiers and Numerals 4.1. Cardinal numbers 4.2. Ordinal numbers 4.3. Other quantifiers 5. Temporal Nominals, Adverbs, and Pro-Forrus 6. Locative Nominals, Adverbs, and Pro-Forrus 6.1. The "locative form" of nouns 6.2. Examples of words indicating location 6.2.1. Nouns indicating locations 6.2.2. Locative relational words ("prepositions") 6.2.3. External relational terrus 6.2.4. Non-locative nouns in locative constructions 6.3. Locative pro-forrus: the word yi or 'iy 9. REFERENCE, DEFINITENESS, UNIVERSALITY, AND REFLEXIVITY I. Indefinite Referentials: wiy, wiya, niywiy 1.1. Affirruative clauses 1.2. Negative clauses 2. "The one(s) in question": kd, kim/kin; wdna 2.1. kd 2.1.1. Kef as a marker of previous or implied reference 2.1.2. Kd as a topic marker 2.2. k}n/kin 2.3. wanG: 3. Demonstratives 3.1. ndka (m), tdka (f), niyka (pI) 3.1.1. ndka, etc. as distal demonstratives 3.1.2. ndka, etc. as meaning "previously mentioned" 3.2. ndkan (m), tdkan (f), niykin (pI) 3.2.1. ndkan, etc. as proximal demonstratives 3.2.2. ndkan, etc. meaning "previously mentioned" 3.2.3. ndbn ... ndkan 'this one ... that one' 4. Noun Phrases without Determiners vs. Noun Phrases with Determiners 4.1. Referential nouns with specifiers other than determiners 4.1.1. Genitive phrases as determiners 4.1.2. Relative clauses as determiners 4.1.3. Numerals as determiners 4.2. Generic nouns xi 195 197 199 200 200 202 203 203 205 205 207 207 208 209 209 211 211 213 213 214 215 217 217 219 221 221 221 223 224 225 225 225 225 225 227 227 227 227 228 228 228 230 230 231
Page 1 and 2: A Grammar of Miya Russell G. Schuh
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154 A Grammar of Miya PASSAGE 2 ...
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178 A Grammar of Miya Waataw aa Giy
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192 A Grammar of Miya Two kin terms
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208 ndyaan patg 'all' 'all' A Gramm
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228 A Grammar of Miya (57) Jee faar
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240 A Grammar of Miya (98) a. ill z
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i 256 A Grammar of Miya constructio
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, i 262 bilkir, (pI) sgba kir b:l t
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: i ! i 274 A Grammar of Miya both
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316 A Grammar of Miya • raB' zuw
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384 A Grammar af Miya 2.4. Couuterf
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... References Abraham, R. C. 1959.
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414 References n.d.a "Bade verbal s
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