The relevance of energy storages for an autarky of electricity supply ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3 Electricity Grid The electricity grid is divided into four different voltage levels. The high voltage grid with 220 kV and 380 kV is used to transport electricity within the country as well as within the European interconnection of electricity produced in large power plants. In switchyards, the high voltage mentioned is reduced to 110 kV, which is transported to large industrial enterprises as well as other switchyards, where voltage again is reduced to 20 kV or 10 kV. Through the medium-voltage power grid electricity is then transported through cities, villages and other industrial enterprises. With another reduction to 400/230 V electricity can finally be transported through a low-voltage power grid to households and smaller enterprises. (Neupert, 2009) 3.1 Balanced Management of Renewable Energy In general, energy consumption and production, primarily from PV and wind, in Central European countries does not progress linearly, as the highest energy consumption occurs during winter months when PV contributes less to the electricity production. Furthermore, a higher amount of REN leads to a stronger delocalized production over the territory. Therefore, the grid has to be well-balanced. To overcome these problems one strategy would be load shifting, i.e. energy needs are shifted from times when overall demand is large to periods in which other needs are reduced. Smart Grids, in this context, will be of high importance in the future. Load management, in contrast, means to constantly adjust the combination of actual energy production and stored energy to current energy and power requirements. In general, no more than 20 % of intermittent energy can be connected to the grid without disturbing the grid operability. As the electricity grid does not have any storage capacity, the consequence of an increased share of REN is the need to balance electricity production and demand with the help of storage technologies to avoid any interference, which can occur on the demand side (e.g. less demand during night or on weekends) as well as on the supply side (e.g. wind conditions for wind energy, breakdown of plants). Generally the electricity system should be well designed, as on one hand the storage of energy is accompanied with high investment 9
costs, and losses also cause high costs. On the other hand over capacity of RES is very expensive. With energy storage technologies electrical energy can be conserved when it is available and inexpensive and be supplied when the demand and prices are higher. 3 (Neupert, 2009; Huggins, 2010; Edison, 2011; Fechner, 2007) 3.2 Demand and Supply Electricity demand and supply follow different curves, dependent on the ability to produce electricity and on times when electricity is needed. 3.2.1 Demand Side Electrical load varies significantly with location, time of the day and time of the year due to e.g. lighting, air conditioning, cooking appliances or electric water heaters. Additionally, electricity demand varies between workdays and weekends. Figure 3.1 shows an example of the time dependence of the daily electrical power demand in Austria, whereas Figure 3.3 shows the typical pattern of annual energy use. (Huggins, 2010; Edison, 2011) 3 http://www.eurosolar.org/new/pdfs_neu/Main/IRES2006_Bossel.pdf, 01.10.1011 10
Page 1 and 2: MSc Program Renewable Energy in Cen
Page 3 and 4: Abstract This Master Thesis raises
Page 5 and 6: 4.4 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage ..
Page 7 and 8: Acronyms AC _______________________
Page 9 and 10: security, optimise the grid infrast
Page 11 and 12: 1.3 Structure of work This paper is
Page 13 and 14: • This Thesis is a theoretic anal
Page 15: following procedure: Daily radiatio
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3.2 shows that during the we
Page 21 and 22: 3.2.2 Supply Side Which storage pow
Page 23 and 24: 4.1 Storage demand Energy storage o
Page 25 and 26: 4.3 Storage Technologies Several ty
Page 27 and 28: A disadvantage of Pumped Hydroelect
Page 29 and 30: 4.4.3 Advantages/Disadvantages + Hu
Page 31 and 32: Utility Plant Power (Turbine) 14 St
Page 33 and 34: Oxygen Hydroxidions O2 OH - OH - +
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4.3: Schematic illustration
Page 37 and 38: Storage Media Volume Mass Pressure
Page 39 and 40: 4.5.3 SWOT Analysis Strengths Weakn
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.4: Layout of Compressed Ai
Page 43 and 44: 4.6.2 Key figures Rated power Sizes
Page 45 and 46: 4.7 Energy storage of pressurized g
Page 47 and 48: 4.8 Comparison of key figures The c
Page 49 and 50: (kilometers per person or per tonne
Page 51 and 52: GWh 8.000 7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3
Page 53 and 54: During the course of the year, 5.3
Page 55 and 56: Table 5.2: Annual storage demand 20
Page 57 and 58: Figure 5.3: Daily comparison of dem
Page 59 and 60: 5.4 Derived daily storage demand Th
Page 61 and 62: Table 5.3: Daily storage demand 205
Page 63 and 64: Power in Austria is two thirds. 23
Page 65 and 66: demand by 1.1 TWh from 5.3 TWh to 4
Page 67 and 68:
8 References Books/Journals Alamri,
Page 69 and 70:
Articles Daneshi, H. et al.: Genera
Page 71 and 72:
A.1 Data from Verbund 64
Page 73 and 74:
comparison demand & supply - annual
Page 75 and 76:
constant szenario month January - -
Page 77 and 78:
Hour Comparison demand + supply one
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Hour Nat. ele consumption MW (thrid
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Hour July MWh daily electricity pro
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Hour 0:00 5.724 5.360 1:00 5.361 5.
Page 103 and 104:
Growth Scenario 110 Wp_Ele/m2 13 GW
Page 105 and 106:
Electricity Demand
Page 107 and 108:
Public electricity supply on thrid
Page 109 and 110:
ÖFFENTLICHE STROMVERSORGUNG ÖSTER
Page 111 and 112:
02.01.10 02.01.10 16:45-17:00h 1.86
Page 113 and 114:
07.01.10 07.01.10 12:45-13:00h 2.06
Page 115 and 116:
12.01.10 12.01.10 08:45-09:00h 2.23
Page 117 and 118:
17.01.10 17.01.10 04:45-05:00h 1.34
Page 119 and 120:
22.01.10 22.01.10 00:45-01:00h 1.63
Page 121 and 122:
26.01.10 26.01.10 20:45-21:00h 2.06
Page 123 and 124:
31.01.10 31.01.10 16:45-17:00h 1.69
Page 125 and 126:
Electricity Supply
Page 127 and 128:
Daily electricity supply from PV (M
Page 129 and 130:
Month Wind electricity supply wind
Page 131 and 132:
Month HP storage electricity supply
Page 133:
month geothermal storage electricit
show all

The relevance of energy storages for an autarky of electricity supply ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?