A Wavelength Converter Integrated with a Discretely Tunable Laser ...

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Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Optical communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Exploiting optical fiber capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Wavelength conversion in WDM networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Thesis overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 Wavelength converter overview 7 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Optical gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 Cross gain modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 Cross phase modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Coherent wave mixing (FWM, DFG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4 Opto-electric-opto conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 Semiconductor optical amplifier operation and device characterization 19 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.2 Amplification in SOAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.2.1 Double hetero structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 Extended Cavity Lasers and extended waveguide SOAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3.1 Laser condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3.2 Light output power and spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.3 Optical amplifier ASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.3.4 Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.3.5 IV-curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.3.6 Butt-joint reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.3.7 ¡ -parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 Integration of waveguide components on InP 39 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2 Properties of the InGaAsP/InP material system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 iv
Contents v 4.3 Waveguide components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.3.1 Passive waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.3.2 Phase modulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3.3 SOAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.4 Integration trade-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.4.1 Contact layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.4.2 Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.4.3 Butt-joint reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.4.4 Passive waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.4.5 Polarization independent deeply-etched waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.4.6 SOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5 Technology 63 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.2 Epitaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.3 Waveguide processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.4 Contact openings and metalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6 MWL with absolute wavelength control 75 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.2 Multi-wavelength laser principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.3 MWL with absolute wavelength control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.4 Design of a 4-channel chirped PHASAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.5 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7 MZI wavelength converter 85 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.2 Operating principle of the MZI converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 7.3 Converter performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 7.4 Wavelength converter design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.4.1 Chip schematic and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.4.2 Design of waveguide components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.5 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 7.6 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.6.1 Fiber array-to-chip coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.6.2 Optimization of the MZI operating condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.6.3 Static ER as a function of the converted wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.6.4 BER measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Page 1 and 2: A Wavelength Converter Integrated w
Page 3: iii
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Optical
Page 9 and 10: 1.2 Exploiting optical fiber capaci
Page 11 and 12: 1.3 Wavelength conversion in WDM ne
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 2 Wavelength converter over
Page 15 and 16: 2.2 Optical gating 9 λcontrol λpr
Page 17 and 18: 2.2 Optical gating 11 powers (in th
Page 19 and 20: 2.2 Optical gating 13 Michelson Int
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 Coherent wave mixing (FWM, DFG)
Page 23 and 24: 2.5 Summary 17 2.5 Summary The main
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 3 Semiconductor optical amp
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Amplification in SOAs 21 Table
Page 29 and 30: 3.3 Extended Cavity Lasers and exte
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 Integration of waveguide
Page 47 and 48: 4.3 Waveguide components 41 Table 4
Page 49 and 50: 4.3 Waveguide components 43 4.3.2 P
Page 51 and 52: 4.4 Integration trade-offs 45 the a
Page 53 and 54: 4.4 Integration trade-offs 47 The c
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4.4 Integration trade-offs 49 speed
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4.4 Integration trade-offs 51 resis
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4.4 Integration trade-offs 53 activ
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4.4 Integration trade-offs 55 a) 60
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4.4 Integration trade-offs 57 due t
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4.4 Integration trade-offs 59 The
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4.5 Conclusions 61 4.5 Conclusions
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Chapter 5 Technology 5.1 Introducti
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5.2 Epitaxy 65 of the stack Q(1.25)
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5.3 Waveguide processing 67 InP Q(1
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5.3 Waveguide processing 69 h l h S
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5.4 Contact openings and metalizati
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5.4 Contact openings and metalizati
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Chapter 6 MWL with absolute wavelen
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6.3 MWL with absolute wavelength co
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6.3 MWL with absolute wavelength co
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6.5 Measurements 81 facet M 1 O4 O3
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6.5 Measurements 83 127 mA, which e
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Chapter 7 MZI wavelength converter
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7.2 Operating principle of the MZI
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7.3 Converter performance 89 Note t
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7.3 Converter performance 91 Chirp
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7.4 Wavelength converter design 93
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7.5 Fabrication 95 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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7.6 Measurements 97 Power out [dBm]
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7.6 Measurements 99 mental and firs
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7.6 Measurements 101 fiber-to-fiber
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7.6 Measurements 103 P out [dBm] P
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7.6 Measurements 105 Power [dBm] -1
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7.6 Measurements 107 Substituting E
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7.6 Measurements 109 7.6.4 BER meas
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7.7 Conclusion 111 output extinctio
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Chapter 8 Wavelength Converter inte
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8.2 Design 115 MWL1 M1 O1 O2 O3 O4
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8.4 Static measurements 117 Control
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8.4 Static measurements 119 The LI-
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8.5 Dynamic operation 121 BER 2.5 G
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8.6 Discussion 123 Wavelength [μm]
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8.6 Discussion 125 lower then the l
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8.7 Conclusions 127 8.7 Conclusions
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Appendix A Mask plates The mask pla
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References [1] H. Takara, E. Yamada
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References 133 [24] R.G. Broeke, J.
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References 135 [51] C.Q. Xu, K. Shi
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References 137 [88] J.J.M. Binsma,
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Summary A wavelength converter inte
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Samenvatting Een golflengte omzette
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Dankwoord Een dankwoord hoort vol m
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echoduo een glas komen claimen, en
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List of Abbreviations AOWC All Opti
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Curriculum Vitae Ronald Broeke was
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List of publications 1. R.G. Broeke
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18. R.G. Broeke A Chirped phased-ar
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