The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives - Sciencemadness Dot Org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

132 AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS explosives that are quite as necessary as TNT for military purposes Effects of Substituents on Explosive Strength Bomb experiments show that tnnitrobenzene is the most powerful explosive among the nitrated aromatic hydrocarbons. One methyl group, as in TNT, reduces its strength, two, as in TNX, reduce it further; and three, as in tnnitromesitylene, still further yet. The ammo and the hydroxyl groups have less effect than the methyl group, indeed, two hydroxyl groups have less effect than one methyl—and tnnitroresorcmol is a stronger explosive than TNT, though weaker than TNB TNT is stronger than trmitrocresol, which differs from it m having an hydroxyl group The figures given below were determined by exploding the materials, loaded at the density indicated, in a small bomb, and measuring the pressure by means of a piston and obturator Density of loading is grams of explosive per cubic centimeter of bomb capacity. Trimtrobenzene Trinitrotoluene Tnnitro-TO-xylene Tnnitromesitylene . Tnnitrophenol (picric acid) Tnnitroresorcinol (styphinic acid) Trinitroamline (picramide) Tnnitro-TO-cresol Tnnitronaphthalene Pressure: Kilograms per square centimeter Density of loading: 0 20 2205 1840 1635 1470 2150 2080 2080 1760 0 25 3050 2625 2340 2200 3055 2840 2885 2480 2045 0 30 4105 3675 2980 2780 3865 3940 3360 2670 Similar inferences may be made from the results of lead block tests. Fifteen grams of the explosives produced the expansions indicated below, each figure representing the average from twenty or more experiments:
MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trinitrobenzene 480 cc. Trinitrotoluene 452 cc. Picric acid 470 cc. Trinitrocresol 384 cc. Trinitronaphthalene 166 cc. Mono- and Di-Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene is a pale yellow liquid, b.p. 208.0°, which is poisonous and has an almondlike odor closely resembling that of benzaldehyde (which is not poisonous). It is used as a component of certain Sprengel explosives and as a raw material for the preparation of aniline and of intermediates for the manufacture of dyestuffs and medicinals. Its preparation, familiar to every student of organic chemistry, is described here in order that the conditions for the substitution of one nitro group in benzene may serve us more conveniently as a standard for judging the relative ease and difficulty of the nitration of other substances. Preparation of Nitrobenzene. One hundred and fifty grams of concentrated sulfuric acid (d. 1.84) and 100 grams of nitric acid (d. 1.42) are mixed in a 500-cc. flask and cooled to room temperature, and 51 grams of benzene is added in small portions at a time with frequent shaking. Shaking at this point is especially necessary lest the reaction suddenly become violent. If the temperature of the mixture rises above 50-60°, the addition of the benzene is interrupted and the mixture is cooled at the tap. After all the benzene has been added, an air condenser is attached to the flask and the material is heated in the water bath for an hour at 60° (thermometer in the water). After cooling, the nitrobenzene (upper layer) is separated from the spent acid, washed once with water (the nitrobenzene is now the lower layer), then several times with dilute sodium carbonate solution until it is free from acid, then once more with water, dried with calcium chloride, and distilled (not quite to dryness). The portion boiling at 206-208° is taken as nitrobenzene. m-Dinitrobenzene, in accordance with the rule of Crum Brown and Gibson, is the only product which results ordinarily from the nitration of nitrobenzene. Small amounts of the ortho and para compounds have been procured, along with the meta, from the nitration of benzene in the presence of mercuric nitrate. 2 Dinitrobenzene has been used in high explosives for shells in mixtures with more powerful explosives or with ammonium nitrate. Its use 2 Davis, /. Am. Chem. Soc, 43, 598 (1921).
Page 1 and 2:
CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
Page 3 and 4:
HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
Page 5 and 6:
HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
Page 7 and 8:
A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
Page 9 and 10:
A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
Page 11 and 12:
DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
Page 13 and 14:
DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
Page 15 and 16:
FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
Page 17 and 18:
VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
Page 19 and 20:
FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
Page 21 and 22:
Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
Page 23 and 24:
TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
Page 31 and 32:
BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
Page 33 and 34:
GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
Page 35 and 36:
ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
Page 37 and 38:
ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
Page 39 and 40:
DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
Page 41 and 42:
DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
Page 43 and 44:
USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
Page 45 and 46:
MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
Page 47 and 48:
ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
Page 49 and 50:
AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
Page 51 and 52:
OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
Page 53 and 54:
PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
Page 55 and 56:
PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
Page 57 and 58:
PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
Page 59 and 60:
PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
Page 61 and 62:
PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
Page 63 and 64:
COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
Page 65 and 66:
Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
Page 67 and 68:
Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
Page 69 and 70:
LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
Page 71 and 72:
PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
Page 73 and 74:
ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
Page 75 and 76:
ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
Page 77 and 78:
ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
Page 79 and 80:
Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
Page 81 and 82: STARS 81 the space between the star
Page 83 and 84: STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
Page 85 and 86: STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
Page 87 and 88: STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
Page 89 and 90: GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
Page 91 and 92: WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
Page 93 and 94: PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
Page 95 and 96: PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
Page 97 and 98: MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
Page 99 and 100: COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
Page 101 and 102: BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
Page 103 and 104: BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
Page 105 and 106: TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
Page 107 and 108: JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
Page 109 and 110: RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
Page 111 and 112: CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
Page 113 and 114: CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
Page 115 and 116: CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
Page 117 and 118: SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
Page 119 and 120: PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
Page 121 and 122: BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
Page 123 and 124: Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
Page 127 and 128: EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
Page 129 and 130: UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
Page 131: UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
Page 135 and 136: TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
Page 137 and 138: TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
Page 139 and 140: TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
Page 141 and 142: TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
Page 143 and 144: TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
Page 145 and 146: TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
Page 147 and 148: TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
Page 149 and 150: TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
Page 151 and 152: TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
Page 153 and 154: TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
Page 155 and 156: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
Page 157 and 158: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
Page 159 and 160: PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
Page 161 and 162: PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
Page 163 and 164: PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
Page 165 and 166: PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
Page 167 and 168: AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
Page 169 and 170: TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
Page 171 and 172: TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
Page 173 and 174: TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
Page 175 and 176: TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
Page 177 and 178: TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
Page 179 and 180: TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
Page 181 and 182: TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
Page 183 and 184:
BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
Page 185 and 186:
HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
Page 187 and 188:
HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
Page 189 and 190:
HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
Page 191 and 192:
CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
Page 193 and 194:
METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
Page 195 and 196:
NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
Page 197 and 198:
NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
Page 199 and 200:
NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
Page 201 and 202:
NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
Page 203 and 204:
NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
Page 205 and 206:
NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
Page 207 and 208:
NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
Page 209 and 210:
NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
Page 211 and 212:
NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
Page 213 and 214:
NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
Page 215 and 216:
DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
Page 217 and 218:
DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
Page 219 and 220:
NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
Page 221 and 222:
DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
Page 223 and 224:
NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
Page 225 and 226:
NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
Page 227 and 228:
TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
Page 229 and 230:
PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
Page 231 and 232:
PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
Page 233 and 234:
TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
Page 235 and 236:
Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
Page 237 and 238:
NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
Page 239 and 240:
NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
Page 241 and 242:
NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
Page 243 and 244:
OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
Page 245 and 246:
EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
Page 259 and 260:
NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
Page 261 and 262:
NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
Page 263 and 264:
NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
Page 265 and 266:
NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
Page 267 and 268:
DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
Page 269 and 270:
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
Page 271 and 272:
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
Page 273 and 274:
NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
Page 275 and 276:
NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
Page 277 and 278:
UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
Page 279 and 280:
PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
Page 281 and 282:
DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
Page 283 and 284:
TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
Page 285 and 286:
NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
Page 287 and 288:
CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
Page 289 and 290:
BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
Page 291 and 292:
BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
Page 293 and 294:
EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
Page 295 and 296:
EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
Page 297 and 298:
COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
Page 299 and 300:
MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
Page 309 and 310:
STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
Page 311 and 312:
TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
Page 313 and 314:
ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
Page 315 and 316:
ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
Page 317 and 318:
CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
Page 319 and 320:
CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
Page 321 and 322:
GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
Page 323 and 324:
FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
Page 331 and 332:
CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
Page 333 and 334:
INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
Page 335 and 336:
INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
Page 337 and 338:
GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
Page 339 and 340:
STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
Page 341 and 342:
STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
Page 343 and 344:
BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
Page 345 and 346:
GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
Page 347 and 348:
PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
Page 349 and 350:
PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
Page 351 and 352:
PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
Page 353 and 354:
Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
Page 355 and 356:
LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
Page 357 and 358:
CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
Page 369 and 370:
CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
Page 371 and 372:
METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
Page 373 and 374:
NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
Page 375 and 376:
GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
Page 377 and 378:
GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
Page 379 and 380:
GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
Page 381 and 382:
NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
Page 383 and 384:
NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
Page 385 and 386:
NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
Page 387 and 388:
NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
Page 389 and 390:
NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
Page 391 and 392:
NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
Page 393 and 394:
ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
Page 395 and 396:
DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
Page 397 and 398:
CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
Page 399 and 400:
CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
Page 401 and 402:
DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
Page 403 and 404:
DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
Page 405 and 406:
MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
Page 407 and 408:
MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
Page 409 and 410:
MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
Page 411 and 412:
MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
Page 413 and 414:
DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
Page 415 and 416:
DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
Page 417 and 418:
DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
Page 419 and 420:
DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
Page 421 and 422:
TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
Page 423 and 424:
TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
Page 425 and 426:
LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
Page 427 and 428:
LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
Page 429 and 430:
LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
Page 431 and 432:
SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
Page 433 and 434:
CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
Page 435 and 436:
EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
Page 437 and 438:
TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
Page 439 and 440:
NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
Page 441 and 442:
DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
Page 443 and 444:
DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
Page 445 and 446:
DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
Page 447 and 448:
TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
Page 449 and 450:
TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
Page 451 and 452:
HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
Page 453 and 454:
FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
Page 455 and 456:
PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
Page 457 and 458:
PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
Page 459 and 460:
Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
Page 461 and 462:
Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
Page 463 and 464:
Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
Page 465 and 466:
INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
Page 467 and 468:
Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
Page 469 and 470:
Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
Page 471 and 472:
Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
Page 473 and 474:
Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
Page 475 and 476:
Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
Page 477 and 478:
K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
Page 479 and 480:
Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
Page 481 and 482:
Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
Page 483 and 484:
Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486:
Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
Page 487 and 488:
Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
Page 489 and 490:
Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
show all

The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives - Sciencemadness Dot Org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?