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242 NITRIC ESTERS Lactose hexanitrate, Ci2Hi6O5(ONO2)e, has been found in the alcoholic mother liquors from the crystallization of the octonitrate, white, amorphous material melting not sharply at about 70°. Crater " in 1934 described explosives containing nitrolactose, one consisting, say, of nitrolactose 25%, ammonium nitrate 65%, sodium nitrate 6%, and vegetable absorbent material 4%, another made by treating wood pulp with an acetone solution of nitrolactose and dinitrotoluene and containing about 78% nitrolactose, about 9% DNT, and about 13% wood pulp. For this use the nitrolactose ought to be stabilized with diphenylamine. Nitrosucrose (Sucrose octonitrate), C^HuC The nitration of cane sugar 69 - 73 yields sucrose octonitrate, white glistening needles, which melt at 85.5°. If heated slowly, nitrosucrose decomposes at about 135° and if heated rapidly deflagrates at about 170°. The fused and solidified material has a specific gravity of 1.67. It is readily soluble in methyl alcohol, ether, and nitrobenzene, difficultly soluble in ethyl alcohol and benzene, and insoluble in water and in petroleum ether. It reduces Fehling's solution on warming. It is relatively stable when pure. Monasterski reports that it gives a feeble puff under a 20-cm. drop of a 2-kilogram weight, a puff with one of 25 cm., and a detonation with one of 30 cm. He states that samples of 10 grams in the Trauzl test gave average net expansions of 296 cc. Other Nitrosugars The nitration of d-xylose 69 yields d-xylose tetranitrate, C5H6O (ONO2)4, an oily substance insoluble in water, and a crystalline by-product, m.p. 141°, insoluble in water, which is evidently the trinitrate, C5H7O2(ONO2)3. Xylosan dinitrate, CsH6O2(ONO2)2, has been prepared by the action of mixed acid on d-xylose. It consists of little spherical crystal aggregates, soluble in alcohol and melting at 75-80°. l-Rhamnose tetranitrate,, 69 C6H8O(ONO2)4, crystallizes in compact short rhombs which melt with decomposition at 135°, It is 72 U. S. Pat. 1,945,344 (1934). 73 Hoffman and Hawse, J. Am. Chem. Sec, 41, 235 (1919). Monasterski, Z. ges. Schiess- u. Sprengstoffw., 28, 349 (1933). Wyler, U. S. Pats. 2,081,161 (1938), 2,105,390 (1938), 2,165,435 (1939).
OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily soluble in acetone, acetic acid, and in methyl and ethyl alcohol, and is relatively stable. It reduces Fehling's solution on warming. l-Rhamnose trinitrate, 74 C6H9O2(ONO2)3, results from the action of mixed acid on J-rhamnose. It is a white amorphous material, melting below 100°, readily soluble in alcohol and insoluble in water. It explodes feebly under a hammer blow. a-Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 69 CTH^CMONC^)*, crystallizes from alcohol in quadrilateral plates which melt at 49-50° and decompose at 135°. It is more stable than the nitrate of the free sugar. It .reduces Fehling's solution slowly on warming. a-Methylmannoside tetranitrate,, 69 C7Hi002(ON02)4, from the nitration of d-a-methylmannoside, crystallizes in fine asbestoslike needles which melt at 36°. It is relatively stable at 50°. d-Galactose pentanitrate
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CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
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DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
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DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
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FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
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VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
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FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
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Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
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TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
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GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
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ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
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ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
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USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
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MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
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ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
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AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
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OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
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COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
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Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
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Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
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LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
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PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
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ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
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ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
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ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
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Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
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STARS 81 the space between the star
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STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
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STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
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STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
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GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
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WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
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PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
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PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
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MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
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COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
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BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
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BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
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TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
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SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
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PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
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BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
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Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
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CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
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EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
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MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
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TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
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TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
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TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
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TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
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TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
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TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
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TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
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TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
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TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
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TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
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PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
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PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
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PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
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PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
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AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
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TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
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TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
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TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
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TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
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TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
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BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
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HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
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HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
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HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
Page 193 and 194: METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
Page 195 and 196: NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
Page 197 and 198: NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
Page 199 and 200: NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
Page 201 and 202: NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
Page 203 and 204: NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
Page 205 and 206: NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
Page 207 and 208: NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
Page 209 and 210: NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
Page 211 and 212: NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
Page 213 and 214: NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
Page 215 and 216: DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
Page 217 and 218: DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
Page 219 and 220: NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
Page 221 and 222: DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
Page 223 and 224: NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
Page 225 and 226: NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
Page 227 and 228: TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
Page 229 and 230: PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
Page 231 and 232: PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
Page 233 and 234: TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
Page 235 and 236: Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
Page 237 and 238: NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
Page 239 and 240: NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
Page 241: NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
Page 245 and 246: EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
Page 257 and 258: NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
Page 259 and 260: NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
Page 261 and 262: NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
Page 263 and 264: NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
Page 265 and 266: NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
Page 267 and 268: DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
Page 269 and 270: DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
Page 271 and 272: DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
Page 273 and 274: NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
Page 275 and 276: NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
Page 277 and 278: UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
Page 279 and 280: PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
Page 281 and 282: DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
Page 283 and 284: TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
Page 285 and 286: NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
Page 287 and 288: CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
Page 289 and 290: BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
Page 291 and 292: BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
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MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
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STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
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STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
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TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
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GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
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FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
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BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
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CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
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INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
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INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
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GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
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BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
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GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
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Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
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LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
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CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
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AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
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CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
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METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
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NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
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NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
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NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
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NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
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NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
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NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
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NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
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ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
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DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
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CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
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CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
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MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
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MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
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MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
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DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
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DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
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DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
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DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
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LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
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LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
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LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
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SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
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CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
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EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
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TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
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NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
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DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
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TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
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TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
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HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
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FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
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Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
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Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
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Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
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Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
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Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
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Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
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Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
Page 475 and 476:
Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
Page 477 and 478:
K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
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Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
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Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
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Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486:
Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
Page 487 and 488:
Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
Page 489 and 490:
Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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