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14 PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES control of insect pests. If the detonating fuse is looped succea sively around a few blocks of TNT or cartridges of dynamite and if these are strung around a large tree, the tree may be felle< very quickly in an emergency. In military operations it may b desirable to "deny a terrain to the enemy" without occupying | oneself, and the result may be accomplished by scattering mustar< gas over the area. For this purpose, perhaps during the night, ( long piece of Primacord may be laid through the area, loopei here and there in circles upon which tin cans of mustard gai (actually a liquid) are placed. The whole may be fired, whej desired, by a single detonator, and the gas adequately dispersed Velocity of Detonation If* the quantity of the primary explosive used to initiate thf explosion of a high explosive is increased beyond the minimuia necessary for that result, the velocity with which the resulting explosion propagates itself through the high explosive is correspondingly increased, until a certain optimum is reached, depending upon the physical state of the explosive, whether cast oi powdered, whether compressed much or little, upon the width oi the column and the strength of the material which confines it and of course upon the particular explosive which is used. Bj proper adjustment of these conditions, by pressing the powdered explosive to the optimum density (which must be determined by experiment) in steel tubes of sufficiently large diameter, and by initiating the explosion with a large enough charge of dynamita or other booster (itself exploded by a blasting cap), it is possible to secure the maximum velocity of detonation. This ultimata maximum is of less interest to workers with explosives than the maximum found while experimenting with paper cartridges, and it is the latter maximum which is generally reported. The physical state and density of the explosive, and the temperature at which the determinations were made, must also be noted if the figures for the velocity of detonation are to be reproducible. Velocities of detonation were first measured by Berthelot and Vieille, 4 who worked first with gaseous explosives and later with liquids and solids. They used a Boulenge chronograph the precision of which was such that they were obliged to employ long 4 Berthelot, "Sur la force des matieres explosives," 2 vols., third edition, Paris, 1883, Vol. 1, p. 133. Cf. Mem. poudres, 4, 7 (1891).
FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907) (Photo by P. Nadar, Paris). Founder of thermochemistry and the science of explosives. He synthesized acetylene and benzene from their elements, and alcohol from ethylene, studied the polyatomic alcohols and acids, the fixation of nitrogen, the chemistry of agriculture, and the history of Greek, Syriac, Arabic, and medieval chemistry. He was a Senator of France, Minister °f Public Instruction, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, and is buried in the Pantheon at Paris.
Page 1 and 2: CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
Page 3 and 4: HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
Page 5 and 6: HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
Page 7 and 8: A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
Page 9 and 10: A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
Page 11 and 12: DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
Page 13: DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
Page 17 and 18: VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
Page 21 and 22: Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
Page 23 and 24: TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
Page 29 and 30: BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
Page 31 and 32: BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
Page 33 and 34: GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
Page 35 and 36: ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
Page 37 and 38: ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
Page 39 and 40: DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
Page 41 and 42: DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
Page 43 and 44: USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
Page 45 and 46: MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
Page 47 and 48: ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
Page 49 and 50: AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
Page 51 and 52: OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
Page 53 and 54: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
Page 55 and 56: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
Page 57 and 58: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
Page 59 and 60: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
Page 61 and 62: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
Page 63 and 64: COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
Page 65 and 66:
Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
Page 67 and 68:
Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
Page 69 and 70:
LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
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PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
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ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
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ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
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ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
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Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
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STARS 81 the space between the star
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STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
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STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
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STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
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GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
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WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
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PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
Page 95 and 96:
PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
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MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
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COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
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BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
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BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
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TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
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SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
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PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
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BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
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Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
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CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
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EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
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MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
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TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
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TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
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TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
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TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
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TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
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TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
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TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
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TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
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TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
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TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
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PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
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PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
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PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
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PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
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AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
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TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
Page 175 and 176:
TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
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TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
Page 179 and 180:
TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
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TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
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BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
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HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
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HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
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HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
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CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
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METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
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NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
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NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
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NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
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NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
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NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
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NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
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NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
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NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
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NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
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NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
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DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
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DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
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NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
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DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
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NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
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NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
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TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
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PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
Page 231 and 232:
PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
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TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
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Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
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NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
Page 239 and 240:
NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
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NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
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OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
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EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
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NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
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NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
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NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
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NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
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DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
Page 273 and 274:
NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
Page 275 and 276:
NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
Page 277 and 278:
UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
Page 279 and 280:
PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
Page 281 and 282:
DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
Page 283 and 284:
TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
Page 285 and 286:
NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
Page 287 and 288:
CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
Page 289 and 290:
BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
Page 291 and 292:
BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
Page 293 and 294:
EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
Page 297 and 298:
COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
Page 299 and 300:
MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
Page 309 and 310:
STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
Page 311 and 312:
TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
Page 313 and 314:
ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
Page 315 and 316:
ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
Page 317 and 318:
CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
Page 319 and 320:
CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
Page 321 and 322:
GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
Page 323 and 324:
FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
Page 331 and 332:
CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
Page 333 and 334:
INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
Page 335 and 336:
INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
Page 337 and 338:
GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
Page 339 and 340:
STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
Page 341 and 342:
STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
Page 343 and 344:
BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
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GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
Page 347 and 348:
PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
Page 349 and 350:
PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
Page 351 and 352:
PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
Page 353 and 354:
Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
Page 355 and 356:
LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
Page 357 and 358:
CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
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Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
Page 369 and 370:
CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
Page 371 and 372:
METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
Page 373 and 374:
NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
Page 375 and 376:
GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
Page 377 and 378:
GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
Page 379 and 380:
GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
Page 381 and 382:
NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
Page 383 and 384:
NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
Page 385 and 386:
NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
Page 387 and 388:
NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
Page 389 and 390:
NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
Page 391 and 392:
NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
Page 393 and 394:
ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
Page 395 and 396:
DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
Page 397 and 398:
CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
Page 399 and 400:
CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
Page 401 and 402:
DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
Page 405 and 406:
MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
Page 407 and 408:
MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
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MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
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MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
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DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
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DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
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DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
Page 419 and 420:
DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
Page 421 and 422:
TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
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LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
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LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
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LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
Page 431 and 432:
SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
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CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
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EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
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TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
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NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
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DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
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TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
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TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
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HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
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FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
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Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
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Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
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Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
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Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
Page 469 and 470:
Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
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Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
Page 473 and 474:
Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
Page 475 and 476:
Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
Page 477 and 478:
K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
Page 479 and 480:
Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
Page 481 and 482:
Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
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Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486:
Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
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Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
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Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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