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352 T)\ NAMITE AND OTHER HIGH EXPLOSIVES In Europe the tendency is to use a smaller amount of nitroglycerin, say 4 to 67», or, a> in the Favier explosives, to omit it altogether Ammonium nitrate permissible explosives which contain nitroglycenn may be divided broadly into two principal classes, those of low ammonium nitrate content in which the oxygen is balanced rather accurately against the carbonaceous material and which are cooled by the inclusion of salts, and those which have a high ammonium nitrate content but whose temperature of explosion is low because of an incomplete utilization of the oxygen by a relatively small amount of carbonaceous material Explosives of the latter class are more popular m England and in Germany. Several examples of commercial explosives of each sort are listed m the following table. Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Barium nitrate Na or K chloride Hvdrated ammonium ovalate Ammonium chloride Cereal or wood meal Glycerin Powdered coal Nitrotoluene Dinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene Nitroglycenn I 52 0 210 16 0 60 . . . 50 II 530 12 0 19 0 4.0 60 50 III 600 50 210 40 60 40 IV 610 30 20 5 7.5 3.0 10 40 V 66 0 220 20 40 . 4.0 VI 73 0 28 15 0 10 50 3.2 VII 78 0 50 80 50 40 VIII 830 70 The Carbomtes which are permissible are straight dynamites whose temperatures of explosion are lowered by the excess of carbon which they contain. As a class they merge, through the Ammon-Carbonites, with the class of ammonium nitrate explosives. The Carbonites, have the disadvantage that they produce gases which contain carbon monoxide, and for that reason have largely given way for use m coal mines to ammonium nitrate permissibles which contain an excess of oxygen. Naoum 28 reports the compositions and explosive characteristics of four German Carbonites as follows. 28 Op at, p 401. 20 t , t t 20 20 40
Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Barium nitrate Spent tan bark meal Meal Potassium dichromate Sodium carbonate Heat of explosion, Cal /kg Temperature of explosion Velocity of detonation, meters/sec Lead block expansion SPRENGEL EXPLOSIVES 353 I 25 0 305 40 400 05 576 1874° 2443 235 cc II 25 0 34 0 1.0 10 38 5 05 506 1561° 2700 213 cc III 25 0 305 39 5 50 536 1666° 3042 240 cc IV 30 0 24.5 405 5.0 602 1639' 2472 258 cc The salts which are most frequently used m permissible explosives are sodium chloride and potassium chloride, both of which are volatile (the potassium chloride more readily so), ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate, which decompose to form gases, and the hydrated salts, alum A12(SO4)3 - K2SO4'24H2O; ammonium alum A12(SO4)3'(NH4)2SO4-24H2O; chrome alum Cr2(SO4)3'K2S(V24H2O; aluminum sulfate A12(SO4)3-18H2O; ammonium oxalate (NH4)2C2O4-H2O; blue vitriol CuSO4-5H2O; borax Ka2B4O7'10H2O; Epsom salt MgSO4-7H2O; Glauber's salt Na2SO4-10H2O; and gypsum CaS
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CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
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DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
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DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
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FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
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VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
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FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
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Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
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TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
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GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
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ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
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ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
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USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
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MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
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ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
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AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
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OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
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COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
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Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
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Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
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LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
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PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
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ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
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ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
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ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
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Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
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STARS 81 the space between the star
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STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
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STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
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STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
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GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
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WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
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PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
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PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
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MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
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COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
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BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
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BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
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TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
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SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
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PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
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BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
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Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
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CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
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EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
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MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
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TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
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TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
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TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
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TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
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TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
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TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
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TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
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TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
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TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
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TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
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PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
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PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
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PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
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PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
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AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
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TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
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TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
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TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
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TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
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TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
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BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
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HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
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HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
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HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
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CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
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METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
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NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
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NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
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NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
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NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
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NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
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NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
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NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
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NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
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NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
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NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
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DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
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DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
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NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
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DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
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NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
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NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
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TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
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PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
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PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
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TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
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Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
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NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
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NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
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NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
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OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
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EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
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NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
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NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
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NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
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NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
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DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
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NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
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NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
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UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
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PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
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DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
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TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
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NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
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CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
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BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
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BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
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MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
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Page 307 and 308: STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
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Page 311 and 312: TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
Page 313 and 314: ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
Page 315 and 316: ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
Page 317 and 318: CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
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Page 321 and 322: GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
Page 323 and 324: FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
Page 329 and 330: BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
Page 331 and 332: CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
Page 333 and 334: INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
Page 335 and 336: INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
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Page 341 and 342: STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
Page 343 and 344: BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
Page 345 and 346: GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
Page 347 and 348: PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
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Page 355 and 356: LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
Page 357 and 358: CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
Page 367 and 368: AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
Page 369 and 370: CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
Page 371 and 372: METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
Page 373 and 374: NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
Page 375 and 376: GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
Page 377 and 378: GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
Page 379 and 380: GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
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Page 385 and 386: NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
Page 387 and 388: NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
Page 389 and 390: NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
Page 391 and 392: NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
Page 393 and 394: ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
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Page 397 and 398: CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
Page 399 and 400: CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
Page 401 and 402: DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
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MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
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MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
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MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
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DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
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DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
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DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
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DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
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LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
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LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
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LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
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SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
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CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
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EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
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TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
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NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
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DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
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TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
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TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
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HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
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FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
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Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
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Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
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Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
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Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
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Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
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Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
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Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
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Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
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K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
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Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
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Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
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Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
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Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
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Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
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Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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