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56 PYROTECHNICS FIGURE 22. Seventeenth-Century Fireworks Display, Lorrain, 1630. Flaming swords, shields and pikes, wheel of fire, rockets, stars, candles, serpents, water fireworks. The sun and the moon which are pictured are presumably aerial bombs, and the dragons are probably dragon rockets running on ropes but may possibly be imaginative representations of serpents of fire. The picture is convincing evidence that many of the varieties of fireworks which are now used (in improved form) for display purposes were already in use three centuries a?o.
PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten with brandy and make into a stiff paste into which you will mix half a pound of ground glass, or of crystal in small grains, not in powder, which you will pass through a screen or sieve. Then, mixing well with the said paste, you will form balls of it, of whatever size you please and as round as you can make them, and then you will let them dry. If you wish to have green fire, it is necessary merely to add a little verdigris to the composition. This is a very beautiful fire and thoroughly tested, and it needs no other primer to fire it than the end of a lighted match, for, as soon as the fire touches it, it inflames forthwith. It is beautiful in saluting a prince or nobleman to have such agreeable hand fire balls before setting off any other fireworks. 5 Audot, whose little book 6 we take to be representative of the state of the art at the beginning of the nineteenth century, had a slightly larger arsenal of materials. Iron and steel filings. "They give white and red sparks. It is necessary to choose those which are long and not rolled up, and to separate them from any dirt. They are passed through two sieves, in order to have two sizes, fine filings and coarse filings. Those of steel are in all respects to be preferred. It is easy to procure them from the artisans who work in iron and steel." Ground and filed cast iron. "Cast iron is used in the fires which are designated by the name of Chinese fire. Two kinds, fine and coarse. The cast iron is ground in a cast iron mortar with a cast iron or steel pestle, and then sifted." Red copper filings. "This gives greenish sparks." Zinc filings "produce a beautiful blue color; it is a substance very difficult to file." Antimony (sulfide) "gives a blue flame. It is ground up and passed through a screen of very fine silk." Yellow amber. "Its color, when it burns, is yellow. It is used only for the fire of lances. It is very common in the drug trade. It ought to be ground and passed through a sieve." Lampblack. "It gives a very red color to fire, and it gives rose in certain compositions." Yelloiv sand or gold powder. "It is used in suns where it produces golden yellow rays. It is a reddish yellow sand mixed with 5 Hanzelet Lorrain, op. cit., pp. 256-258. 6 Anon. (L.-E. Audot), "L'art de faire, a peu de frais, les feux d'artifice," Paris, 1818.
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CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
Page 5 and 6: HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
Page 7 and 8: A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
Page 9 and 10: A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
Page 11 and 12: DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
Page 13 and 14: DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
Page 17 and 18: VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
Page 21 and 22: Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
Page 23 and 24: TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
Page 29 and 30: BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
Page 31 and 32: BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
Page 33 and 34: GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
Page 35 and 36: ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
Page 37 and 38: ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
Page 39 and 40: DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
Page 41 and 42: DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
Page 43 and 44: USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
Page 45 and 46: MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
Page 47 and 48: ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
Page 49 and 50: AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
Page 51 and 52: OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
Page 53 and 54: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
Page 55: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
Page 59 and 60: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
Page 61 and 62: PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
Page 63 and 64: COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
Page 65 and 66: Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
Page 67 and 68: Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
Page 69 and 70: LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
Page 71 and 72: PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
Page 73 and 74: ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
Page 75 and 76: ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
Page 77 and 78: ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
Page 79 and 80: Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
Page 81 and 82: STARS 81 the space between the star
Page 83 and 84: STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
Page 85 and 86: STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
Page 87 and 88: STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
Page 89 and 90: GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
Page 91 and 92: WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
Page 93 and 94: PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
Page 95 and 96: PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
Page 97 and 98: MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
Page 99 and 100: COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
Page 101 and 102: BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
Page 103 and 104: BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
Page 105 and 106: TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
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SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
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PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
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BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
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Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
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CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
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EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
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MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
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TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
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TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
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TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
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TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
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TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
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TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
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TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
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TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
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TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
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TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
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PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
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PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
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PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
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PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
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AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
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TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
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TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
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TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
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TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
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TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
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BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
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HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
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HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
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HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
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CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
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METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
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NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
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NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
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NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
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NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
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NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
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NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
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NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
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NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
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NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
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NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
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DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
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DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
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NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
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DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
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NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
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NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
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TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
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PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
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PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
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TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
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Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
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NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
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NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
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NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
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OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
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EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
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NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
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NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
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NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
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NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
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DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
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NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
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NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
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UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
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PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
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DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
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TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
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NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
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CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
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BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
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BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
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MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
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STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
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STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
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TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
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GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
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FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
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BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
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CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
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INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
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INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
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GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
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BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
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GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
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Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
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LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
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CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
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AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
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CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
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METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
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NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
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NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
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NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
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NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
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NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
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NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
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NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
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ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
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DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
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CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
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CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
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MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
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MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
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MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
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DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
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DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
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DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
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DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
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LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
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LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
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LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
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SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
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CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
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EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
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TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
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NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
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DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
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TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
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TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
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HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
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FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
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Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
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Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
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Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
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Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
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Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
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Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
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Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
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Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
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K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
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Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
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Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
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Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486:
Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
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Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
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Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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