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196 NITRIC ESTERS built and equipped a modest laboratory of his own. The earliest printed account of nitroglycerin appears in a letter which Sobrero wrote to Pelouze and which Pelouze caused to be published in L'Institut of February 15, 1847. 6 In the same month Sobrero presented to the Academy of Torino a paper, Sopra alcuni nuovi composti fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell'azione dell'acido FIGURE 51. Ascanio Sobrero (1812-1888) First prepared nitroglycerin, nitromannite, and nitrolactose, 1846-1847. nitrico sulle sostanze organiche vegetali, 1 in which he described nitroglycerin, nitromannite, and nitrated lactose. Later in the year he presented another paper, Sulla Glicerina Fulminante o Piroglycerina, before the chemistry section of the Ninth Italian Scientific Congress at Venice. 8 Sobrero found that, if concentrated nitric acid or strong mixed acid is added to glycerin, a violent reaction ensues and red fumes 6 L'Institut, IS, 53 (1847). T Mem. Acad. Torino, [2] 10, 195 (1847). s Proc. Ninth Hal. Sci. Congr., 3, 105 (1848).
NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but that, if syrupy glycerin is added to a mixture of two volumes of sulfuric acid (d. 1.84) and one volume of nitric acid (d. 1.50) with stirring while the mixture is kept below 0°, then the results are entirely different, the glycerin dissolves, and the solution when poured into water gives an oily precipitate of nitroglyccrin. He collected the oil, washed it with water until free from acid, dried in a vacuum over sulfuric acid, and procured a transparent liquid of the color and appearance of olive oil. (Pure nitroglycerin is water-white.) Sobrcro reported a value for the density which is very close to that which is now generally accepted, observed the ready solubility of nitroglyccrin in alcohol and its rcprecipitation by water, and reported a number of its chemical reactions—its comportments with acid and with alkali, that It detonates when brought into contact with metallic potassium, and evolves oxides of nitrogen in contact with phosphorus at 20° to 30°C, but at higher temperatures it ignites with an explosion. . . . When heated, nitroglyccrin decomposes. A drop heated on platinum foil ignites and burns very fiercely. It has, however, the property of dctunating under certain circumstances with great violence. On one occasion a small quantity of an ethereal solution of nitroglycerin was allowed to evaporate in a glass dish. The residue of nitroglycerin w'as certainly not more than 2 or 3 centigrams. On heating the dish over a spirit lamp a most violent explosion resulted, and the dish was broken to atoms. . . . The safest plan for demonstrating the explosive power of nitroglycerin is to place a drop upon a watch glass and detonate it by touching it with a piece of platinum wire heated to low redness. Nitmglyeerin has a sharp, sweet, aromatic taste. It is advisable to take great care in testing this property. A trace of nitroglycerin placed upon the tongue, but not swallowed, gives rise to a must violent pulsating headache accompanied by great weakness of the limbs. For many years Sobrcro kept in his laboratory and guarded jealously a sample of the original nitmglyeerin which he had prepared in 1847. In 1886 he washed this material with a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate and took it to the Nobcl-Avigliana factory, of which he was a consultant, where he gave verbal testimony of its authenticity and where it has since been stored
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CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
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DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
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DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
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FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
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VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
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FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
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Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
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TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
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GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
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ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
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ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
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USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
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MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
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ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
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AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
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OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
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COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
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Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
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Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
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LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
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PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
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ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
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ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
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ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
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Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
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STARS 81 the space between the star
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STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
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STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
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STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
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GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
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WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
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PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
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PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
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MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
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COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
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BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
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BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
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TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
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SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
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PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
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BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
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Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
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CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
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EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
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MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
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TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
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TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
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TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
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TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
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TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
Page 145 and 146: TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
Page 147 and 148: TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
Page 149 and 150: TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
Page 151 and 152: TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
Page 153 and 154: TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
Page 155 and 156: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
Page 157 and 158: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
Page 159 and 160: PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
Page 161 and 162: PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
Page 163 and 164: PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
Page 165 and 166: PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
Page 167 and 168: AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
Page 169 and 170: TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
Page 171 and 172: TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
Page 173 and 174: TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
Page 175 and 176: TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
Page 177 and 178: TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
Page 179 and 180: TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
Page 181 and 182: TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
Page 183 and 184: BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
Page 185 and 186: HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
Page 187 and 188: HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
Page 189 and 190: HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
Page 193 and 194: METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
Page 195: NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
Page 199 and 200: NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
Page 201 and 202: NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
Page 203 and 204: NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
Page 205 and 206: NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
Page 207 and 208: NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
Page 209 and 210: NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
Page 211 and 212: NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
Page 213 and 214: NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
Page 215 and 216: DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
Page 217 and 218: DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
Page 219 and 220: NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
Page 221 and 222: DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
Page 223 and 224: NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
Page 225 and 226: NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
Page 227 and 228: TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
Page 229 and 230: PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
Page 231 and 232: PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
Page 233 and 234: TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
Page 235 and 236: Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
Page 237 and 238: NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
Page 239 and 240: NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
Page 241 and 242: NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
Page 243 and 244: OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
Page 245 and 246: EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
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NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
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NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
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NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
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NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
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DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
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NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
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NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
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UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
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PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
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DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
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TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
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NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
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CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
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BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
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BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
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MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
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STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
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STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
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TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
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GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
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FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
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BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
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CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
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INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
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INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
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GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
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BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
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GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
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Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
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LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
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CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
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AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
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CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
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METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
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NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
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NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
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NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
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NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
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NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
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NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
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NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
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ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
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DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
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CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
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CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
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MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
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MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
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MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
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DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
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DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
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DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
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DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
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LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
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LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
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LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
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SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
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CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
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EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
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TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
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NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
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DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
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TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
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TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
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HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
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FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
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Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
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Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
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Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
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Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
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Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
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Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
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Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
Page 475 and 476:
Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
Page 477 and 478:
K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
Page 479 and 480:
Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
Page 481 and 482:
Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
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Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486:
Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
Page 487 and 488:
Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
Page 489 and 490:
Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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