The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives - Sciencemadness Dot Org

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440 PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES, DETONATORS, AND PRIMERS Lead Styphnate (Lead trinitroresorcinate) Lead styphnato is commonly prepared by adding a solution of magnesium styphnate''- at 70° to a well-stirred solution of lead acetate at 70°. A voluminous precipitate of the basic salt separates. The mixture is stirred for 10 or 15 minutes; then dilute FIGURE 102. Lead Styphnate Crystals (90X). nitric acid is added with stirring to convert the basic to the normal salt, and the stirring is continued while the temperature drops to about 30°. The product, which consists of reddish-brown, short, rhombic crystals, is filtered off, washed with water, sieved through silk, and dried. Lead styphnate is a poor initiator, but it is easily ignited by fire or by a static discharge. It is used as an ingredient of the priming layer which causes lead azide to explode from a flash. 52 Prepared by adding magnesium oxide to a suspension of tttyphnic acid in water until a clear solution results and only a very small portion of the styphnic acid remains undhsolved.
DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sample of lead styphnate in a test tube in a bath of Wood's metal heated at a rate of 20° per minute explodes at 267-268°. Wallbaum 53 determined the minimum charges of several primary explosives necessary for initiating the explosion of PETN. In the first series of tests, the PETN (0.4 gram) was tamped down or pressed loosely into copper capsules 6.2 mm. in inside diameter, and weighed amounts of the priming charges were pressed down loosely on top. The weights of the priming charges were decreased until one failure occurred in 10 tests with the same weight of charge. In later series, the PETN was compressed at 2000 kilograms per square centimeter. When the priming charges were pressed loosely on the compressed PETN, considerably larger amounts were generally necessary. One gram of lead styphnate, however, was not able to initiate the explosion of the compressed PETN. When the priming charges were pressed, on top of the already compressed PETN, with pressures of 500, 1000, and 1500 kilograms per square centimeter, then it was found that the tetracene and the fulminate were dead-pressed but that the amounts of lead azide and silver azide which were needed were practically the same as in the first series when both the PETN and the priming charge were merely pressed loosely. Wallbaum reports the results which are tabulated below. Pressure on PETN, kg. per sq. cm. 0 2000 2000 2000 2000 Pressure on initiator, kg. per sq. cm. 0 0 500 1000 1500 PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE MINIMUM INITIATING CHARGE, GRAMS Tetracene 016 0250 dead.pressed Mercury fulminate (gray) 0 30 0 330 " " Mercury fulminate (white) 030 0 340 " " Lead styphnate 0.55 No detonation with 1 g. Lead azide (technical) 0.04 0170 0.05 0.05 0.04 Lead azide (pure) . 0 015 0.100 0.01 0.01 0.01 Silver azide 0.005 0110 0.005 0.005 0.005 Diazonium Salts Every student of organic chemistry has worked with diazonium salts in solution. The substances arc commonly not isolated in the solid state, for the dry materials are easily exploded by shock and by friction, and numerous laboratory accidents have resulted from their unintended crystallization and drying. 53 Z. ges. Schiess- u. Sprengstcffw., 34, 1267 161, 197 (1939).
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CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
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DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
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DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
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FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
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VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
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FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
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Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
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TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
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GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
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ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
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ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
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USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
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MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
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ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
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AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
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OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
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COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
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Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
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Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
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LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
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PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
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ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
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ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
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ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
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Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
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STARS 81 the space between the star
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STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
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STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
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STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
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GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
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WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
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PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
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PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
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MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
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COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
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BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
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BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
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TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
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SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
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PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
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BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
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Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
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CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
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EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
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UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
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MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
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TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
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TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
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TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
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TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
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TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
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TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
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TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
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TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
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TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
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TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
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PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
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PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
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PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
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PICRIC ACID 165 below have been pub
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AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
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TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
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TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
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TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
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TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
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TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
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TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
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BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
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HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
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HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
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HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
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CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
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METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
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NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
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NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
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NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
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NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
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NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
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NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
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NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
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NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
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NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
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NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
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DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
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DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
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NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
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DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
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NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
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NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
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TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
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PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
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PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
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TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
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Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
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NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
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NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
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NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
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OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
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EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
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NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
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NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
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NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
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NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
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DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
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NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
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NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
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UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
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PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
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DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
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TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
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NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
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CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
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BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
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BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
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MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
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STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
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STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
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TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
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GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
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FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
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BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
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CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
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INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
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INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
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GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
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BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
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GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
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Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
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LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
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CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
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AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
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CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
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METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
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NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
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NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
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NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
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NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
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NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
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Page 393 and 394: ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
Page 395 and 396: DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
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Page 399 and 400: CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
Page 401 and 402: DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
Page 403 and 404: DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
Page 405 and 406: MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
Page 407 and 408: MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
Page 409 and 410: MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
Page 411 and 412: MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
Page 413 and 414: DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
Page 415 and 416: DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
Page 417 and 418: DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
Page 419 and 420: DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
Page 421 and 422: TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
Page 423 and 424: TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
Page 425 and 426: LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
Page 427 and 428: LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
Page 429 and 430: LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
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Page 433 and 434: CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
Page 435 and 436: EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
Page 437 and 438: TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
Page 439: NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
Page 443 and 444: DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
Page 445 and 446: DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
Page 447 and 448: TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
Page 449 and 450: TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
Page 451 and 452: HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
Page 453 and 454: FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
Page 455 and 456: PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
Page 457 and 458: PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
Page 459 and 460: Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
Page 461 and 462: Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
Page 463 and 464: Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
Page 465 and 466: INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
Page 467 and 468: Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
Page 469 and 470: Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
Page 471 and 472: Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
Page 473 and 474: Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
Page 475 and 476: Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
Page 477 and 478: K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
Page 479 and 480: Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
Page 481 and 482: Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
Page 483 and 484: Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486: Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
Page 487 and 488: Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
Page 489 and 490: Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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