Open Innovation 2.0 Yearbook 2013 - European Commission - Europa

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22 O P E N I N N O V A T I O N 2 0 1 3 field of sociology [35]. Hawley’s emphasis on the critical role of technology — in what he termed human ecology — is of particular interest to this study. However, after 30 years of mainly empirical work in organisational ecology there is a major concern with the fragmentation of research in the area. Hannan and his collaborators have recently sought to address this issue by undertaking a project of theoretical integration and unification that investigates the relationships between the distinct fragments [36]. Previous studies in organisational ecology had utilised theories involving such concepts as ‘legitimation, age dependency, competition and inertia’ [36] (p. 290). Their current proposal offers deeper conceptualisations through adopting an approach based on a nonmonotonic logic, together with fuzzy-set theory, which, they argue, changes the fundamental theoretical core of the discipline. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory Urie Bronfenbrenner spent most of his professional career as Professor of Human Development, Family Studies and Psychology at Cornell University. His development of the ecological systems theory [4] is regarded as having revolutionised studies in these areas by shattering barriers and building bridges among the social science disciplines. Previous to Bronfenbrenner’s work, the study of human development was compartmentalised among psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics and political science. However, through the concept of the ecology of human development, these disparate environments were integrated into a holistic conceptual framework of interdependent nested systems where human development was viewed as a continuum [37]. Bronfenbrenner viewed a ‘child’s development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment’ with each complex ‘layer’ influencing the development [38]. His own conception of the theory was as ‘a set of nested structures, each inside the next, like a set of Russian dolls’ [4]. He acknowledges the debt he owes to the theories of Kurt Lewin who expressed behaviour as a function ‘of the interplay between person and environment’ in the form of a classic equation shown below. Furthermore, Bronfenbrenner affirms that his theoretical framework originated from Lewin’s antecedent work that places behaviour in context: ‘situational, interpersonal, sociological, cultural, historical and above all theoretical’ [3] (p. 43). B = f (PE) Lewin’s well-known formula expresses behaviour (B) as a combined function (f) of forces from within a person (P) and from the external environment (E) [32]. Bronfenbrenner argued that Lewin’s formulation did not include a time dimension and proposed his own version of the equation for the area of human development. Here, development is regarded as a function of the person interacting with the environment. This includes the effects of both constancy and change (the time dimension) on personal characteristics throughout the life span which is captured in the following equation. D = f (PE) Bronfenbrenner affirmed that a major motivation for his work was to provide both psychological and sociological depth to Lewin’s theories. From an information systems viewpoint, it is significant that he claimed his theory differed from antecedent research models in that he analysed the environment in systems terms. His theory is shown diagrammatically in Figure 3. We will now, firstly, describe each nested layer of the modified Bronfenbrenner model where the ‘patterned behaviour’ is determined by the following. 1. Individual level: intrapersonal factors — characteristics such as knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, self-concept, skills, etc., including the developmental history of the person. 2. Microsystem: interpersonal processes and primary groups — formal and informal social network and social support systems, including the family, work group and friendship networks. 3. Mesosystem: institutional factors — social institutions with organisational characteristics, with formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operation. 4. Exosystem: community factors — relationships among organisations, institutions, and informal networks within defined boundaries. 5. Macrosystem: public policy — local, state and national laws and policies. 6. Chronosystem: this was a later addition by Bronfenbrenner [5]. The concept ‘encompasses change or consistency over time not only in the characteristics of the person but also of the environment in which that person lives’ [39]. 7. We have presented our argument that Bronfenbrenner’s theory best matches the criteria developed earlier due to its comprehensive topology, its focus on relational interactions, and its synthesis of the concepts of ecology and systems. We will now present our adaptation of the model to address two main issues: incorporation of technology and emphasising the importance of collaboration in the IS innovation process.
Figure 3: Ecological systems framework [28] Elements of an ecological systems theory for IS innovation Based on the foregoing analysis, we will now present our framework to analyse innovation based on Bronfenbrenner’s theory. The structure is based on the implicit assumption that innovation originates from the human person but is significantly influenced by interaction and interconnection with the five other layers. We conceptualise our argument by modifying both Lewin and Bronfenbrenner’s equations in a format that explicitly included the time dimension: I (t) = f (P (t) E (t) ) (equation 1) The next step is to propose a formula to capture the theoretical concept of an EST for IS innovation which builds on both Lewin and Bronfenbrenner but specifically includes two extra dimensions: technology as an integral component of information systems and the interpersonal interconnections that are essential to the innovation process. The subject of technology is not specifically addressed in Bronfenbrenner’s final work. However, it is alluded to via a quotation from the work of Lev Vygotsky who was Chronosystem Macrosystem Exosystem Mesosystem Microsystem Individual influential on the development of ecological systems theory. As pointed out earlier, theorists such as Hawley have stressed the importance of technology when seeking to understand human ecology. The relational aspect is captured in Bronfenbrenner’s description of the ecological microsystem. However, we propose that the concept is explicitly included in our formulation given its importance for the innovation process which, in both the initiation and implementation stages, cannot be carried out in total isolation. ISI(t) = f (P (t) R (t) E (t) T (t)) (equation 2) Where: ISI = information systems innovation P = person R = relational connections to collaborators within the innovation context E = environment T = technological capability The adapted framework for IS innovation is illustrated in Figure 4. 23
Page 1 and 2: doi 10.2759/87245 KK-AI-12-001-EN-C
Page 3 and 4: EUROPEAN COMMISSION Open Innovation
Page 5 and 6: Contents FOREWORD . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Introduction The objective of our I
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary This yearbook Ope
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER I Policy development 1.1. E
Page 13 and 14: shift the development pace signific
Page 15 and 16: In the approach the European Commis
Page 17 and 18: Innovation dynamics have increased,
Page 19 and 20: and joint growth in an organic, non
Page 21 and 22: their environment with its technolo
Page 23: In the course of his work, McInerne
Page 27 and 28: innovation maturity level such as t
Page 29 and 30: [13] Oakley, A. (1990), Schumpeter
Page 31 and 32: Innovation does not necessarily imp
Page 33 and 34: where Europe remains an abstraction
Page 35 and 36: [4] Giannakouris, K., Smihily, M. (
Page 37 and 38: The term ‘smart city’ has attra
Page 39 and 40: Improve-My-City is an application d
Page 41 and 42: participate, and a proof of this is
Page 43 and 44: models could dynamically evolve ove
Page 45 and 46: even learn to pilot, experiment and
Page 47 and 48: European ICT companies are collabor
Page 49 and 50: ‘smart specialisation platform’
Page 51 and 52: 2.3. Innovating with and for the pu
Page 53 and 54: Case study: Helsinki City Home Care
Page 55 and 56: Thus, the city has acted as a co-cr
Page 57 and 58: Neelie Kroes, Vice-President of the
Page 59 and 60: There are many European initiatives
Page 61 and 62: 3.2. Participative innovation in sm
Page 63 and 64: LIGHT HOUSE Figure 2: The reference
Page 65 and 66: who’s allowed to do what? Who is
Page 67 and 68: Figure 6: Elements of the roadmap f
Page 69 and 70: The roadmap shows that much is alre
Page 71 and 72: Concrete actions for the short term
Page 73 and 74: 3.3. Smarter water: why open innova
Page 75 and 76:
industrial users’ infrastructure
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[27] UN Office for the Coordination
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There is, however, a general agreem
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to more personalisation on data-sha
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[14] The official website of the UK
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the organisation to meet demand in
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2: Challenges of the company
Page 89 and 90:
3.6. Horizon 2020: Regional Innovat
Page 91 and 92:
The thrust of the recommendations f
Page 93 and 94:
Table 2: Possible 1-year work proce
Page 95 and 96:
programme (Figure 1). Participants
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The active agents of the metropolis
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• active cross-sectoral communica
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Working with patterns is not a new
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shifts in deep understanding that a
Page 105 and 106:
We are now approaching the end of t
Page 107 and 108:
The Open Innovation Lab: innovation
Page 109 and 110:
References [1] http://www.fi-ppp.eu
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