Open Innovation 2.0 Yearbook 2013 - European Commission - Europa

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Appendix 1: Definitions of innovation developed from McInerney (2004)
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Innovation definition Author
New products, new methods of production, new sources of supply, the exploitation of new
markets and new ways to organise business.
Schumpeter (1934)
Generation, acceptance, and implementation of new ideas, processes, products and services. Thompson(1965)
An innovation or more precisely a major innovation is a fundamental ‘change in a significant’
number of tasks.
Wilson (1967)
The first or early use of an idea by one of a set of organisations with similar goals. Becker & Whistler (1967)
An innovation is the adoption of a change which is new to an organisation and to the relevant
environment.
The implementation of new procedures or ideas whether a product of invention or discovery,
will be referred to as ‘innovation’.
When an organisation learns to do something it did not do before and it proceeds to do it in
a sustained way a process of innovation has occurred.
Knight (1967)
Evan & Black (1967)
Shepard (1967)
The successful introduction into an applied situation of means that are new to the situation Mohr (1969)
An innovation is an idea, practice, or object perceived as new by an individual. It matters little,
as far as human behaviour is concerned, whether or not an idea is objectively new as measured
by the lapse of time since its first uses or discovery … if the idea seems new and different to the
individual, it is innovation.
The successful utilisation of processes, programmes, or products which are new to an organisation
and which are introduced as a result of decisions within that organisation.
Rogers & Shoemaker
(1971)
Rowe & Boise (1973)
New idea, practice, or material artefact perceived to be new by the relevant adopting unit. Zaltman et al. (1973)
Innovation is defined as the earliness or extent of use by a given organisation of a given new idea,
where new means only now to the adopting agent, and not necessarily to the world in general.
A portmanteau to cover the wide range of variegated processes by which man's technologies
evolve over time.
Innovation includes any discrete idea, practice or material artefact that is introduced for the
first time ... and is seemingly discontinuous with past practice, The term technological innovation
moreover refers to those innovations that consist of (1) an artefact or material (2) a computer
system or (3) an analytic idea or practice that lends itself to quantitative symbolisation.
A managerial innovation is any programe product or technique which represents a significant
departure from the state of the art of management at the time it first appears and which affects
the nature, location, quality or quantity of information that is available in the decision-making
process.
Industrial innovation includes the technical design, manufacturing, management, and commercial
activities invoked in the marketing of a new (or improved) process or equipment.
Down & Mohr (1979)
Nelson & Winter (1977)
Yin et al. (1977)
Kimberly (1981)
Freeman (1982)
Commercialisation of invention. Rickards (1985)