Spatial distribution of emissions to air - the SPREAD model

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The National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Aarhus University
completes the annual national emission inventories for greenhouse
gases and air pollutants. The methodologies in the Danish emission inventories
follows the international guidelines provided by the IPCC, i.e.
the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance
for the greenhouse gas emission inventories and the EMEP/EEA
Guidebook for the emission inventories for air pollution.
According to Denmark’s international obligations the national emission
inventories are reported to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Convention (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, EU’s Monitoring
Mechanism (EU MM), United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe - Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (UN-
ECE - CLRTAP) and the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD).
The emissions are reported as national totals and for a number of sectors
and sub-sectors as defined by the Common Reporting Format (CRF)
used for reporting to UNFCCC, EU-MM and the Kyoto Protocol and the
Nomenclature For Reporting (NFR) used for reporting to CLRTAP and
NECD, respectively.
Emission data from the national inventories are often used as input to
model air quality, which again serves as input in e.g. assessment and
evaluation of health effects. In order to make a more suitable input for
air quality models, emissions must be given on a more disaggregated
level than national level. Previously the Danish emissions inventory has
been available on 50x50 km EMEP grid for reporting of air pollutants to
CLRTAP every fifth year, latest in 2007 for the emission year 2005 and
the historical years 2000, 1995 and 1990. The methodology is described in
a Danish-language report (Jensen et al., 2008a).
Besides the emission distribution on 50x50 km resolution, a distribution
on the 17x17 km EMEP grid has been set up and used in research projects
combined with detailed distributions for relevant sectors or subsectors.
The 17x17 km distribution has e.g. been used in combination
with a detailed distribution of emissions from road traffic on 1x1 km resolution
in the ongoing research project REBECa (Renewable Energy in
the transport sector using Biofuels as Energy Carriers) and the completed
project HYSCENE (Environmental and Health Impact Assessment of
Scenarios for Renewable Energy Systems with Hydrogen). In the research
project WOODUSE (Residential wood combustion and the interaction
between technology, user and environment) the emission distribution
on 17x17 km has been combined with a detailed distribution of
emissions from wood combustion in the residential sector at address level.
In 2010 the new spatial high resolution distribution model for emissions
to air, SPREAD, is completed at NERI (Department of Policy Analysis).
SPREAD enables distribution of the Danish emissions for all pollutants
and all sectors in the national emission database on a 1x1 km grid covering
Denmark and its national sea territory. The model does not include