Spatial distribution of emissions to air - the SPREAD model

3. Area sources (AS) cover the remaining FC and corresponding emissions
for stationary combustion. The FC for AS are calculated as the
difference between the FC given in the Danish energy statistics published
by the DEA (DEA, 2009) and the sum of LPS and PS.
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Emissions from LPS are implemented in the inventory system in one of
three ways:
1. FC and emissions are given in environmental reports or similar plant
specific reports at part level.
2. FC is given at part level but emissions are aggregated for some or all
parts.
3. FC is given while emissions are estimated according to standard
emission factors.
As LPS emissions appears in different ways in the inventory system a
module has been developed to automate the data handling in order to
extract emissions in the right order (1: direct emissions, 2: emissions estimated
from activity data and emission factors). Further the model deals
with unit conversions. The latter require some manual checks as a few
LPS in the industrial sector do not follow the general unit definitions.
The emission inventory database system includes CO2 emissions from
biomass. These emissions are subtracted from the emissions in the spatial
distribution according to the guidelines for inventories for UNFCCC.
The biofuels included in the inventory are wood and similar wood
wastes, municipal waste (the biogenic part), straw, bio oil, biogas and
biomass producer gas.
The CO2 emission from combustion of municipal waste in stationary
combustion is split in two parts; one for the fossil part and one for the
biogenic part of the municipal waste. Only CO2 from combustion of the
fossil part is included in SPREAD. The CO2 emission from the fossil part
of municipal waste in stationary combustion is calculated as an area
source in the Danish inventory system but is reallocated to LPS in
SPREAD to ensure the right allocation defined by the fuel combustion at
the waste incineration plants.
To avoid errors in the data handling a number of checks are carried out
at different steps in the model. The checks cover units, null values and
sums.
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The distribution of emissions from stationary combustion at point sources
is based on a database from DEA including fuel consumption for
each district heating or power-producing plant on fuel and combustion
technology (e.g. gas turbine, stationary engine or boilers, which are further
divided by capacity; < 50 MW, 50 – 300 MW and > 300 MW). The
DEA database is in the following referred to as EPT. Each of the 2 189
production units in the 2008 EPT is assigned with SNAP 3 codes and
geographical coordinates and emissions are calculated from the FC given
in EPT and standard emission factors for all pollutants for the specific
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