Spatial distribution of emissions to air - the SPREAD model

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A number of plants are treated as Large Point Sources (LPS) in the Danish
emission database. The LPSs are characterised by having more detailed
data on fuel consumption, emission factors and/or emissions, as
plant, installation or process specific data. Emissions from all LPSs are
treated in the Large Point Source sub-model in SPREAD. LPSs represent
emissions at all SNAP 1 categories except road traffic (SNAP 07). LPSs in
agriculture (SNAP 10) are included in a separate part of the emission database
system covering agriculture and are not included in the LPS submodel
in SPREAD. The Point Sources sub-model covers emissions from
stationary combustion from point sources, which refer to the large number
of plants for which the fuel consumption is known at plant level but
emissions are calculated due to standard emission factors.
A spatial distribution is more relevant for some pollutants, e.g. particulate
matter as they can cause health effects in the vicinity of the emission
site. Other pollutants like the greenhouse gasses have no or little health
effect but are more relevant regarding large-scale conditions such as climate
change and global warming. Nevertheless SPREAD includes all
pollutants and all sources in the Danish inventory system and thereby
provides a complete spatial distribution of the Danish emissions on a 1x1
km grid.
In the following chapters the methodologies of the SPREAD model are
described separately for the sub-models. The background data and
methodological description applied in the national emission inventory is
not included here. For a description of the methodologies, data foundation
and emissions in the national emission inventories please refer to
Denmark’s National Inventory Report, NIR (Nielsen et al., 2010a) as reported
to the UNFCCC and Denmark’s Informative Inventory Report,
IIR (Nielsen et al., 2010b) as reported to the UNECE. Further, detailed information
on the inventory for selected sectors are presented in sectoral
reports for stationary combustion (Nielsen et al., 2010c), mobile sources
(Winther, 2008), fugitive emissions (Plejdrup et al., 2009), solvents
(Fauser, 2010), agriculture (Mikkelsen et al., 2006) and waste-water
treatment (Thomsen & Lyck, 2005). For a Danish-language description of
the inventory for greenhouse gases and Denmark’s international obligations,
please refer to (Plejdrup et al., 2009).