Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AND ABUSE RESEARCH

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contextual factors that contribute to the occurrence of emotional abuse in sport require further investigation. Future research is required on the incidence and prevalence of emotional abuse and the various types of emotionally abusive behaviours in sport. Additionally, it is authors’ assumption that positive non-abusive coaching practices do exist in sport. Thus, as it was suggested that emotionally abusive behaviours are often used as a means to produce successful sport performance, research demonstrating the success of non-abusive coaching methods is warranted. Notes 1. Giovannoni, J., ‘Definitional issues in child maltreatment’, in: D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson (eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 3-37. 2. Crooks, C. V. and Wolfe, D. A., ‘Child abuse and neglect’, in: E.J. Mash and R.A. Barkley (eds.), Assessment of Childhood Disorders (4th Ed.). New York, Guilford Press, 2007. 3. Crooks, C. V. and Wolfe, D. A., ibid, p. 17. 4. Wachtel, A., The State of the Art in Child Abuse Prevention, 1997. Health Canada, 1999. 5. Brackenridge, C. H., ‘”He owned me basically…” Women’s experience of sexual abuse in sport’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1997, 32, 2, pp. 115-130. 6. Brackenridge, C. H., ‘Dangerous sports? Risk, responsibility and sex offending in sport’, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 2003, 9, 1, pp. 3-12. 7. Brackenridge, C. H., ‘Women and children first? Child abuse and child protection in sport’, Sport in Society, 2004, 7, 3, pp. 322-337. 8. Fasting, K. and Brackenridge, C. H., ‘The grooming process in sport: Case studies of sexual harassment and abuse’, Auto/Biography, 2005, 13, 1, pp. 33-52. 9. Kirby, S. and Greaves, L., ‘Foul play: Sexual harassment in sport’, paper presented at the Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., July 11-15 th 1996. 10. Stirling, A. E. and Kerr, G. A., ’Elite female swimmers’ experiences of emotional abuse across time’, Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2007, 7, 4, pp. 89-113. 11. Stirling, A. E. and Kerr, G. A., ‘Defining and categorizing emotional abuse in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 2008, 8, 4, pp. 173-181. 12. For more details on these studies, please refer to: Stirling, A. E. and Kerr, G. A., ‘Abused athletes’ perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship’, Sport in Society, in press; Stirling, A. E. and Kerr, G. A., 2008, ibid; Stirling, A. E. and Kerr, G. A., 2007, ibid. 13. Paavilainen, E. and Tarkka, M., ‘Definition and identification of child abuse by Finnish public health nurses’, Public Health Nurses, 2003, 20, 1, pp. 49-55. 14. Iwaniec, D., ‘Identifying and dealing with emotional abuse and neglect’, Child Care in Practice, 2003, 9, 1, pp. 49-61. 15. Porter, M. R., Antonishak, J. and Reppucci, N. D., ‘Policy and applied definitions of child maltreatment’, in: Feerick, M. M., Knutson, J. F., Trickett, P. K. and Flanzer, S. (eds.) Child Abuse and Neglect: Definitions, classifications, and a framework for research. Brooks Publishing, 2006. . 16
3.3 Sexual harassment and abuse in Norwegian sport Kari Fasting Background Norway is a relatively small country with about 4.5 million people. Sport is, however, very popular and there are over 2 million members in Norwegian sport clubs. More than 800,000 of these are 19 years old or younger. i Sport clubs are therefore a very significant arena for socialization of children and youth. An important question to ask is: how safe are children and youth in Norwegian sport? Very few empirical studies concerning sexual harassment and abuse in sport have been carried out in Norway, and none of them has focused particularly on children or youth. Research design So far there is empirical data from only two projects. The first was a part of the Norwegian Women Project which was administered by the Norwegian Olympic Committee. ii The main goal for the project was to produce knowledge which could be of practical use for athletes and sport organizations, particularly in relation to the prevention of harassment and abuse. The study consisted of two parts. <strong>Part</strong> one was a survey of all Norwegian female elite athletes. The purpose of this part of the study was to get an overview of sexual harassment, the degree to which it existed and the degree to which it could be characterized as a problem for Norwegian sport. <strong>Part</strong> two dealt with elite athletes who had experienced one or more forms of sexual harassment. These athletes were interviewed. The purpose of this part of the project was to get more knowledge about risk factors, about the elite athletes’ reactions to sexual harassment and about the consequences these experiences have had for them. iii Elite athletes in the study were defined as members of a junior, development, or senior national team. A total of 660 female athletes ages 15- 39, representing 58 sport disciplines were invited to participate in the study. As a control group a representative sample of the Norwegian female population of the same ages, a total of 785 girls and women who were not 17
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Page 3 and 4: It was in the middle of these early
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Page 7 and 8: The survey revealed a considerable
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Page 23 and 24: The results show that 30% of the st
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Page 33 and 34: automatically mean that he/she will
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Page 45 and 46: Whilst 8% of sports clubs knew of s
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Page 55 and 56: 18-21 years old). The VUBrussels sa
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Page 59 and 60: However, KULeuven students’ perce
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Finally, it is important to note th
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3.10 What price gold medals? An inv
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The research that supported and und
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symptoms. Lastly, this will only oc
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The results from this study may lea
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i NIF, Årsrapport 2006 - Norges Id
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Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AND ABUSE RESEARCH

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