Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AND ABUSE RESEARCH

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Realistically the sports sector similar to other sectors of the community, cannot prevent serial offenders gaining entry into the system. What we can perhaps achieve is to increase deterrence by empowering all adults in the system with the specific knowledge and resources to act to protect children in sport. Notes 1. Brackenridge, C.H., Dangerous relations: Men, women, and sexual abuse in sport, report of unpublished inaugural professorial lecture, Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education, U.K., 1997. 2. Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C. and Sundgot Borgen, J., Sexual harassment in and outside sport. Oslo, Norwegian Olympic Committee, 2000. 3. Kirby, S., Greaves, L., and Hankivsky, O., The Dome of Silence: Sexual harassment and abuse in sport. Halifax, NS., Fernwood Publishing, 2000. 4. Leahy, T., Pretty, G. and Tenenbaum, G., ‘Prevalence of sexual abuse in organised competitive sport in Australia’, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 2002, 8, 2, pp. 16-35. 5. Higgins, D., J. and McCabe, M. P., ‘Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: Adult retrospective reports’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2001, 6, pp. 547-578. 6. Higgins, D., J. and McCabe, M. P., ‘Relationships between different types of abuse during childhood and adjustment in adulthood’, Child Abuse, 2000, 5, pp. 261-272. 7. Hart, S., Brassard, M., and Karlson, H., ‘Psychological abuse’, in: J. Briere, L. Berliner, J. Bulkley, C., Jenny, and T. Reid (eds.), The APSAC Handbook on Child Abuse, Newbury Park, CA., Sage, 1996, pp. 72-89. 8. Jellen, L. K., McCarroll, J. E. and Thayer, L. E., ‘Child psychological abuse: A 2-year study of US Army cases’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 2001, 25, pp. 623-639. 9. Leahy, T., Pretty, G. and Tenenbaum, G., ‘A contextualised investigation of traumatic correlates of childhood sexual abuse in Australian athletes’, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, (in press). 10. Brackenridge, C. H., Spoilsports: Understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport, London, Routledge, 2001. 11. Leahy, T., ‘Preventing the sexual abuse of young people in Australian sport’, The Sport Educator, 2001, 13, pp. 28-31. 12. Toftgaard-Nielson, J., ‘The forbidden zone: Intimacy, sexual relations and misconduct in the relationship between coaches and athletes’, International review for the Sociology of Sport, 2000, 136, pp. 165-183. 13. Leahy, T., Pretty, G. and Tenenbaum, G., ‘Perpetrator methodology as a predictor of traumatic symptomatology in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2004, 19, pp. 521-540. 14. Herman, J. L., Trauma and Recovery. From domestic abuse to political terror, 2 nd ed., New York, Basic Books, 1997. 15. Palmer, S. E., Brown, R. A., Rae-Grant, N. I. and Loughlin, M. J., ‘Responding to children’s disclosure of familial abuse: What survivors tell us’, Child Welfare, 1999, 78, pp. 259-283. 16. Leahy, T., Pretty, G. and Tenenbaum, G., ‘Childhood sexual abuse narratives in clinically and non-clinically distressed adult survivors’, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2003, 34, pp. 57-665. 30
3.5 Sexual harassment and abuse in Dutch sports: A short review of early research and policy by the NOC*NSF Petra Moget, Maarten Weber and NXXX van Veldhoven Background When evaluating the policy for the prevention of sexual harassment and abuse (SHAB) in Dutch sports, 1996 should be noted as a crucial year for the development of this policy. In that year, three elite athletes announced that they had been sexually abused by their coach. The response from the sports world was unprecedented. Not only were the coach’s actions publicly rejected but there was also a call for measures to prevent new incidents. This is remarkable because in earlier years there was little or no response to similar incidents. Attempts by sports organisations to create a policy to prevent sexual abuse for their particular sports disciplines failed until then because there was no support for this special and unknown are of policy. After the incident, the National Olympic Committee*National Sports Federation (NOC*NSF) initiated the development of a policy for prevention for all organised sports at the request of these organisations. In order to create a strong foundation for the policy, all risk factors that contribute to SHAB in sports and to the continuance of SHAB - especially in sport relationships characterised by power differences, most noticeably the relationship between a coach and an athlete - were studied. This was the first time the nature and extent of SHAB in Dutch sports was researched. The results of this study were published in 1997 and, together with practical experiences, became the basis of the policy developed by NOC*NSF. 1 Noteworthy is that there has been no sequel to this first study in the ten years since the policy was first developed. The results of the first study and these early abuse experiences made a big impact on the policy development process. Below is a short summary of the methodology of the study, the policy and the practical experiences with SHAB within Dutch sport, and some reflections. Research design 31
Page 1 and 2: Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AN
Page 3 and 4: It was in the middle of these early
Page 5 and 6: more likely to be harassed and/or a
Page 7 and 8: The survey revealed a considerable
Page 9 and 10: 8. Kirby, S.L. and Greaves, L. ‘F
Page 11 and 12: Research clearly indicates that rel
Page 13 and 14: performance. Items thrown by the co
Page 15 and 16: High Low Figure 3.1 Athletes’ exp
Page 17 and 18: 3.3 Sexual harassment and abuse in
Page 19 and 20: variables:1) formation of the sport
Page 21 and 22: een harassed and abused by a coach.
Page 23 and 24: The results show that 30% of the st
Page 25 and 26: 3.4 Sexual abuse of athletes in org
Page 27 and 28: conversely, to present the perpetra
Page 29: staff or volunteers who were not as
Page 33 and 34: automatically mean that he/she will
Page 35 and 36: councilors of NOC*NSF. Solid resear
Page 37 and 38: non-aggressors. Such variables are
Page 39 and 40: 3.6 Risks and opportunities for sex
Page 41 and 42: under the three major headings of
Page 43 and 44: These findings indicated that clubs
Page 45 and 46: Whilst 8% of sports clubs knew of s
Page 47 and 48: 3.7 Sexual harassment among female
Page 49 and 50: slapped on the face, head or ears b
Page 51 and 52: When I was not getting as good achi
Page 53 and 54: 3.8 Unwanted sexual experiences in
Page 55 and 56: 18-21 years old). The VUBrussels sa
Page 57 and 58: Coach behaviour Perceptions Experie
Page 59 and 60: However, KULeuven students’ perce
Page 61 and 62: 7. Leahy, T., Pretty, G., and Tenen
Page 63 and 64: Nineteen male swimming coaches part
Page 65 and 66: this study. 14 It is important to n
Page 67 and 68: Finally, it is important to note th
Page 69 and 70: 3.10 What price gold medals? An inv
Page 71 and 72: The research that supported and und
Page 73 and 74: symptoms. Lastly, this will only oc
Page 75 and 76: The results from this study may lea
Page 77: i NIF, Årsrapport 2006 - Norges Id

Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AND ABUSE RESEARCH

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?