Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AND ABUSE RESEARCH

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proposed a Stage of Imminent Achievement (SIA) as the period of peak vulnerability to sexual abuse of young athletes. 20 Research is also being conducted to address the role of programmes for prevention for sexual harassment and abuse in sport in Canada, specifically in the Province of Quebec, by first describing the international sport context of sexual harassment and abuse and then considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes. 21, 22 There is little to no data on sexual harassment and abuse that focuses on the vulnerabilities of, or specific prevention measures for, disabled or Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgendered (LGBT) athletes. Such gaps in the literature make it difficult to evaluate the full effectiveness of sexual harassment and abuse intervention programs. There is a pressing need for research and policy advocacy to ensure protection is offered to all athletes, not just “mainstream” athletes. In sum, the dangers of sexual predation for athletes in the sport world are difficult to determine, within nations and internationally, when the definitions chosen both determine, to some degree, relative frequencies of various forms of abuse and also influence our understanding of the nature and scope of the problem. 23 This is exacerbated by the need for sport researchers to ‘make sense' of a variety of objectively defined sexually abusive activities which are experienced by athletes in a subjective manner. 24 We still have to clarify key terms used to describe sexual harassment and abuse across cultures and across sports. Notes 1. Lenskyj, H.J., ‘Unsafe at home base: Women’s experiences of sexual harassment in university sport and physical education’, Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 1992, 1, 1, pp. 19-34. 2. Holman, M., ‘Sexual harassment in athletics: Listening to the athletes for solutions’, unpublished paper presented to the annual conference of North American Society for the Sociology of Sport Conference, 1994. 3. Kirby, S.L., ‘Not in my back yard: Sexual harassment and abuse in sport’, Proceedings of the Commonwealth Games Conference, Victoria, B.C., Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme, 1994, 15, 4, pp. 58-62. 4. Kirby, S.L. ibid. 5. Brackenridge, C.H., ‘Problem? What problem? Thoughts on a professional code of practice for coaches”, unpublished paper presented to the Annual Conference of the British Association of National Coaches, Bristol, England, December, 1986. 6. Burton Nelson, M., Are We Winning Yet? How sports are changing women and women are changing sports. New York, Random House, 1991. 7. Kirby, S.L. op cit. 8
8. Kirby, S.L. and Greaves, L. ‘Foul play: Sexual abuse and harassment in sport’, paper to the Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress, Dallas, Texas, USA, 11-14 th July, 1996. 9. Kirby, S.L. and Greaves, L., ibid. 10. Kirby, S.L., Greaves, L. and Hankivsky, O., The Dome of Silence: Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport. Halifax, Fernwood, 2000. 11. Kirby, S.L., Greaves, L. and Hankivsky, O., op cit., p.29. 12. Kennedy, S., Why I Didn’t Say Anything: The Sheldon Kennedy story. Canada, Insomniac Books, 2006. 13. Kirby, S.L., Greaves, L. and Hankivsky, O., ibid. 14. Kirby, S.L., Greaves, L. and Hankivsky, O., op cit., p.29. 15. Brackenridge cited in Kirby, S. et al., op cit., p. 9. 16. Crossett, T., ‘Male coach/female athlete relationships: A case study of the abusive male coach’, unpublished paper, 1985. 17. Brackenridge, C. H., Spoilsports: Understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport. London, Routledge, 2001. 18. Kirby, S.L. and Wintrup, G., ‘Running the Gauntlet: An examination of initiation/hazing and sexual abuse in sport’, Journal of sexual Aggression, 2002, 8, 2, pp. 49-68. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 2002, 8, 2, pp. . 19. Johnson, J. and Holman, M. (eds.), Making the team: Inside the world of sports initiations and hazing. Toronto, Canadian Scholars Press, 2004. 20. Brackenridge, C.H. and Kirby, S.L., ‘Playing safe? Assessing the risk of sexual abuse to young elite athletes’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1997, 32, 4, pp. 407- 418. 21. Demers, G., Parent, S., Kirby, S. and J. Malo., ‘Le harcèlement et les abus sexuels dans le sport: Situation des athlètes ayant une incapacité’, paper presented at Rehabilitation International: International Congress, Quebec City, 24-27 th August 2008. 22. Kirby, S.L., Demers, G. and Parent, S., ‘Vulnerability/prevention: Considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse’, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, in press, 23. Kelly, L., Wingfield, R., Burton, S. and Regan, L., Splintered Lives: Sexual exploitation of children in the context of children’s rights and child protection. Ilford, Essex, Barnado’s, 1995. 9
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Page 3 and 4: It was in the middle of these early
Page 5 and 6: more likely to be harassed and/or a
Page 7: The survey revealed a considerable
Page 11 and 12: Research clearly indicates that rel
Page 13 and 14: performance. Items thrown by the co
Page 15 and 16: High Low Figure 3.1 Athletes’ exp
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Page 19 and 20: variables:1) formation of the sport
Page 21 and 22: een harassed and abused by a coach.
Page 23 and 24: The results show that 30% of the st
Page 25 and 26: 3.4 Sexual abuse of athletes in org
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Page 29 and 30: staff or volunteers who were not as
Page 31 and 32: 3.5 Sexual harassment and abuse in
Page 33 and 34: automatically mean that he/she will
Page 35 and 36: councilors of NOC*NSF. Solid resear
Page 37 and 38: non-aggressors. Such variables are
Page 39 and 40: 3.6 Risks and opportunities for sex
Page 41 and 42: under the three major headings of
Page 43 and 44: These findings indicated that clubs
Page 45 and 46: Whilst 8% of sports clubs knew of s
Page 47 and 48: 3.7 Sexual harassment among female
Page 49 and 50: slapped on the face, head or ears b
Page 51 and 52: When I was not getting as good achi
Page 53 and 54: 3.8 Unwanted sexual experiences in
Page 55 and 56: 18-21 years old). The VUBrussels sa
Page 57 and 58: Coach behaviour Perceptions Experie
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However, KULeuven students’ perce
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7. Leahy, T., Pretty, G., and Tenen
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Nineteen male swimming coaches part
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this study. 14 It is important to n
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Finally, it is important to note th
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3.10 What price gold medals? An inv
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The research that supported and und
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symptoms. Lastly, this will only oc
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The results from this study may lea
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Part 3 GLOBAL ISSUES: HARASSMENT AND ABUSE RESEARCH

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