manufacture, processing and use of stainless steel - International ...

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iopsy showed atrophic renal tubules with focal interstitial fibrosis. Although the authors suggested the chromium component of the fume from plasma cutting as the most likely causative agent, a single case report such as this cannot be accepted as proof of cause and effect, even at these apparently high levels of exposure. Hazard assessment The toxicological database for fume from the cutting of stainless steel is extremely limited. The only study which has specifically investigated workers engaged in this activity, which focused on effects on kidney function, reported no evidence of renal toxicity in a small group of workers. Risk assessment The limited toxicological database for fume from the cutting of stainless steel precludes the identification of any hazards. Consequently, it is not possible to conduct a risk assessment. 3.3.2 Polishing of stainless steel There are no data on exposure, toxicokinetics or toxicity relating to the polishing of stainless steel. It is therefore not possible to conduct a hazard assessment or risk assessment for this process. 3.3.3 Forming of stainless steel There are no data available on exposure, toxicokinetics or toxicity in relation to the forming of stainless steel. It is therefore not possible to conduct a hazard assessment or risk assessment for this process. 111
112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 188/1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 94/27/EC of 30 June 1994 amending for the 12th time (*) Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article100a thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ( 1 ), Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee ( 2 ), Acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 189b of the Treaty ( 3 ), Whereas Article 8a of the Treaty establishes an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured; Whereas work on the internal market should gradually improve the quality of life, health protection and consumer safety; whereas the measures proposed by this Directive are in line with the Council resolution of 9 November 1989 on future priorities for relaunching consumer protection policy; Whereas the presence of nickel in certain objects coming into direct and prolonged contact with the skin may cause sensitization of humans to nickel and may lead to allergic reactions; whereas for these reasons the use of nickel in such objects should be limited; Whereas one Member State has already introduced a set of control measures on its territory to counteract nickel ____________ (*) The Commission proposal was presented at the 14th amendment of Directive 76/769/EEC (OJ No C 116, 27. 4. 1993, p. 18. ( 1 ) OJ No C 116, 27. 4. 1993, p. 18. ( 2 ) OJ No C 304, 10. 11. 1993, p. 2. ( 3 ) Opinion of the European Parliament of 2 December 1993 (OJ No C 342, 20. 12. 1993, p. 15), Council common position of 4 March 1994 (OJ No C 137, 19. 5. 1994, p. 60) and Decision of the European Parliament of 5 May 1994 (not yet published). — six months after the expiry of one or other of those periods, whichever is applicable, no manufacturer or importer may place on the market products which fail sensitization and nickel allergy and a second Member State plans to introduce on its territory a different set of control measures; whereas there is therefore a risk of barriers to trade; Whereas the test methods to be used in demonstrating conformity with this Directive should be defined and published before the Directive is implemented; whereas these test methods should be the subject of a European standard; Whereas limitations already adopted or planned by certain Member States on the use of nickel directly affect the completion and functioning of the internal market; whereas it is therefore necessary to approximate the laws of the Member States in this field and consequently to amend Annex I to Directive 76/769/EEC ( 4 ), HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Article 1 Annex I to Directive 76/769/EEC is hereby supplemented Article 2 1. Member States shall adopt the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than six months after publication by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Communities, of the standards adopted by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) on all the test methods used in demonstrating the conformity of the products with this Directive, or six months after the adoption of this Directive if that date is later than the former, so that: ____________ ( 4 ) OJ No L 262, 27. 9. 1976, p. 201. Directive as last amended by Directive 91/339/EEC (OJ No L 186, 12. 7. 1991, p. 64). Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by the Member States
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MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
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3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
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Within the review, each section is
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Results from a single intra-muscula
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studies are often based on small nu
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The toxicological database for fume
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PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
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Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
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There are several different systems
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method have been used in some of th
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grade was tested, an austenitic sta
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pick-up of nickel and chromium when
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Human data Patch-testing studies Se
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does not allow any conclusions to b
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Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
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Other studies reviewed in this sect
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Human data on the effects of prolon
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Exposure to stainless steel powder
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Prolonged exposure Information on t
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In view of the chemical/physical pr
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Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
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Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
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2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
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survey, there was no evidence of an
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The "exposure" variable used by the
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Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
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Consideration against classificatio
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3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
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Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
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3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
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Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
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Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
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These levels decreased, although ch
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treatment group and no effects were
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esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
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MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
Page 73 and 74: Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
Page 75 and 76: was relatively heterogeneous. No de
Page 77 and 78: used included respiratory symptoms,
Page 79 and 80: Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
Page 81 and 82: Positive results were reported with
Page 83 and 84: Welding method Electrode Base metal
Page 85 and 86: A significant increase in chromatid
Page 87 and 88: treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
Page 89 and 90: The mortality experiences of the tw
Page 91 and 92: Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94: Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
Page 95 and 96: Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
Page 97 and 98: “are known, and in this study too
Page 99 and 100: Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
Page 101 and 102: out stainless steel welding in the
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Page 105 and 106: Effects on reproduction No studies
Page 107 and 108: Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
Page 109 and 110: Reference Process Work piece materi
Page 111 and 112: No deaths occurred in any treatment
Page 113 and 114: Human data No studies are available
Page 115 and 116: mg of dust per animal. In another t
Page 117 and 118: (Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
Page 121 and 122: Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
Page 123: Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
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Page 129 and 130: Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
Page 131 and 132: IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
Page 133 and 134: Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
Page 135 and 136: Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
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Page 139 and 140: Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
Page 141 and 142: Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
Page 143 and 144: Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
Page 145 and 146: Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
Page 147 and 148: Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
Page 149 and 150: Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
Page 151 and 152: Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
Page 153 and 154: Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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