manufacture, processing and use of stainless steel - International ...

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Kalliomäki PL, Olkinuora M, Hyvarinen H K, Kalliomäki K. Kinetics of nickel and chromium in rats exposed to different stainless steel welding fumes. In: Sunderman FW (ed) Nickel in the Human Environment. IARC Scientific Publication No. 53; 385-393: 1984. Kalliomäki PL, Rahkonen E,Vaaranen V, Kalliomäki K, Aittoniemi K. Lung retained contaminants, urinary chromium and nickel among stainless steel welders. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1981 49 (1): 67-75. Kalliomäki PL, Tuomisaari M, Lakomaa EL, Kalliomäki K, Kivela R. Retention and clearance of stainless steel shield gas welding fumes in rat lungs. Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 1983 44 (9): 649-654. Katz SA, Samitz MH. Leaching of nickel from stainless steel consumer commodities. Acta Derm Ven 1975 55: 113-115. Kellum RE. Safety of stainless steel in nickel sensitivity. JAMA 1972 221 (11): 1282. Kerosuo H, Kullaa A, Kerosuo E, Kanerva L, Hensten-Pettersen A. Nickel allergy in adolescents in relation to orthodontic treatment and piercing of ears. Am J Orthodont Dentofac Orthoped 1996 109 (2): 148-154. Kesson BA, Hogstedt B, Skerfving S. Fever induced by fluorine-containing lubricant on stainless steel tubes. Br J Indust Med 1980 37 (3): 307-310. Kiilunen M. Occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in 1980s in Finland. In: Aitio A et al (eds) International Symposium on Biological Monitoring in Occupational and Environmental Health, 11-13 Sept 1996, Espoo, Finland. Finnish Inst Occup Health, Helsinki, 1996: 116-117. Kilburn KH. Respiratory symptoms and functional impairment from acute cross shift exposure to welding gases and fumes. Am J Med Sci 1989 298 (5): 314-319. Kim HI, Kim DH, Yoon MS, Kim HJ, Lee S. Two cases of nickel dermatitis showing vitiligo like depigmentations. Yonsei Med J 1991 32 (1): 79-81. Kimura S, Godai T, Kobayashi M, Minato S, Saita H. Studies on chromium in stainless steel welding fumes. Kobe Steel, Ltd., Research and Development, 1980 30 (3): 15-19. Kinnes GM, Hammel RR. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 88 357 2042. A.W. Cash Valve Manufacturing Corp., Decatur, Illinois. Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio, Report No. HETA 88-357-2042: 1990. Koch W, König HP, Lödding H, Holländer M. Sampling and characterization of metal grinding dusts. Aerosols: formation and reactivity. 2nd Int Aerosol Conf, Berlin. Pergamon, UK, 1986: 1208-1211. Konig HP, Koch W, Neder L, Hertel RF. Characterisation of nickel alloy aerosols generated from grinding processes. J Aero Sci 1988 19 (7): 1429-1432. Koponen M, Gustafsson T, Kalliomäki K, Kalliomäki PL, Moilanen M, Pyy L. Dusts in steel making plant: Lung contamination among iron workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1980 47 (1): 35-45. 131
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MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
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3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
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Within the review, each section is
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Results from a single intra-muscula
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studies are often based on small nu
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The toxicological database for fume
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PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
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Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
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There are several different systems
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method have been used in some of th
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grade was tested, an austenitic sta
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pick-up of nickel and chromium when
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Human data Patch-testing studies Se
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does not allow any conclusions to b
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Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
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Other studies reviewed in this sect
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Human data on the effects of prolon
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Exposure to stainless steel powder
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Prolonged exposure Information on t
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In view of the chemical/physical pr
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Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
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Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
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2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
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survey, there was no evidence of an
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The "exposure" variable used by the
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Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
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Consideration against classificatio
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3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
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Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
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3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
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Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
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Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
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These levels decreased, although ch
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treatment group and no effects were
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esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
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MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
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Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
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was relatively heterogeneous. No de
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used included respiratory symptoms,
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Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
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Positive results were reported with
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Welding method Electrode Base metal
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A significant increase in chromatid
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treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
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The mortality experiences of the tw
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Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94: Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
Page 95 and 96: Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
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Page 99 and 100: Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
Page 101 and 102: out stainless steel welding in the
Page 103 and 104: contact. The available human data p
Page 105 and 106: Effects on reproduction No studies
Page 107 and 108: Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
Page 109 and 110: Reference Process Work piece materi
Page 111 and 112: No deaths occurred in any treatment
Page 113 and 114: Human data No studies are available
Page 115 and 116: mg of dust per animal. In another t
Page 117 and 118: (Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
Page 121 and 122: Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
Page 123 and 124: Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
Page 125 and 126: 112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
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Page 129 and 130: Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
Page 131 and 132: IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
Page 133 and 134: Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
Page 135 and 136: Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
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Page 139 and 140: Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
Page 141 and 142: Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
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Page 147 and 148: Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
Page 149 and 150: Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
Page 151 and 152: Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
Page 153 and 154: Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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