manufacture, processing and use of stainless steel - International ...

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Effects on reproduction There have been no investigations of the effect of employment in stainless steel manufacture on reproductive health. 2.5 Hazard assessment The manufacture of stainless steels gives rise to airborne dusts and fumes. Qualitative information on exposure indicates that workers in this industry may be exposed to various substances, including metal oxides, and compounds containing silicon, aluminium and calcium. Chromium, which predominantly occurs in the trivalent oxidation state (Cr III ), may, during some parts of the process, become oxidised to hexavalent chromium (Cr VI ). According to modern methods of production, PAHs are only likely to occur during the casting stage and then only if moulds are used which contain binders and additives. The available exposure data for this industry are limited and, with the exception of a few substances, it is difficult to identify all of those which exist. Some of the identified substances have known or suspected toxicological properties including sensitisation and carcinogenicity. Hazard assessments are made below for the end-points reviewed in the preceding sections of this chapter. The summarised data are evaluated against the classification criteria contained in Annex VI of Directive 92/32/EEC, amending Directive 67/548/EEC, with a view to assessing the hazards against objective criteria so that a risk assessment can be conducted. Acute toxicity No studies are available which have investigated acute toxicity, skin or eye irritation, or sensitisation resulting from exposure during the manufacture of stainless steels. Consideration against classification criteria: There are no data relating to acute toxicity, skin or eye irritation, or sensitisation which can be considered against the classification criteria. Effects of repeated exposure Only one study is available which has investigated long-term effects on health in workers engaged in the manufacture of stainless steel. The findings of the study, which focused on respiratory health and chromium exposure, show no evidence of adverse effects on respiratory health in stainless steel smelting workers which might be associated with chromium exposure. However, the design of this study precludes wider conclusions being drawn regarding the health of workers in the stainless steel manufacturing industry. 39
Consideration against classification criteria: From the limited quantity of data available, repeated exposure during the manufacture of stainless steel does not appear to present any serious risk to health. Carcinogenicity Three epidemiological studies are available which have investigated cancer mortality among workers engaged in the manufacture of stainless steels. These studies do not provide convincing evidence of elevated lung cancer risk in workers involved in stainless steel manufacture. In one of the studies information was provided on excess lung cancer risk in stainless steel foundry workers. Consideration against classification criteria: The available data for humans engaged in stainless steel production (melting shop) do not indicate that there is concern in relationship to carcinogenicity. The data on stainless steel foundry workers are too limited to form a judgement on possible carcinogenicity specifically associated with stainless steel. Effects on reproduction No studies appear to have been conducted which have investigated the effect of employment in stainless steel manufacture on reproductive health. Consideration against classification criteria: There are no data on effects on reproduction which can be considered against the classification criteria. 2.6 Risk assessment The manufacture of stainless steels gives rise to a complex mixture of airborne dusts and fumes, and thus presents the potential for inhalation exposure in the occupational setting. There are some uncertainties regarding the identity of many of the substances which may occur in this industry and also regarding the conquences of any interactions. The known toxicological properties of some of the constituents, although well-documented, tend to be associated with very high levels of exposure and may have little relevance at exposures expected in this industry. As some of the substances which have been identified are known to be carcinogenic, clearly the potential for cancer is the most serious health concern. Health effects, including the possibility of cancer, are controlled by the use of occupational exposure limits. In the UK, there are occupational exposure limits for the following substances which may occur in the production of stainless steel: Cr VI compounds (0.05 mg/m 3 ), Cr III compounds (0.5 mg/m 3 ); inorganic nickel compounds (0.5 mg/m 3 ); iron oxide fume (5 mg/m 3 ); dust (total:10 mg/m 3 ; respirable: 4 mg/m 3 ). For those substances presenting the most serious health effect, cancer, if exposures are controlled as far below the exposure limit as is reasonably practicable, then the risks are considered to be negligible if present at all. 40
Page 1 and 2: MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
Page 3 and 4: 3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
Page 5 and 6: Within the review, each section is
Page 7 and 8: Results from a single intra-muscula
Page 9 and 10: studies are often based on small nu
Page 11 and 12: The toxicological database for fume
Page 13 and 14: PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
Page 15 and 16: Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
Page 17 and 18: There are several different systems
Page 19 and 20: method have been used in some of th
Page 21 and 22: grade was tested, an austenitic sta
Page 23 and 24: pick-up of nickel and chromium when
Page 25 and 26: Human data Patch-testing studies Se
Page 27 and 28: does not allow any conclusions to b
Page 29 and 30: Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
Page 31 and 32: Other studies reviewed in this sect
Page 33 and 34: Human data on the effects of prolon
Page 35 and 36: Exposure to stainless steel powder
Page 37 and 38: Prolonged exposure Information on t
Page 39 and 40: In view of the chemical/physical pr
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
Page 45 and 46: 2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
Page 47 and 48: survey, there was no evidence of an
Page 49 and 50: The "exposure" variable used by the
Page 51: Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
Page 55 and 56: 3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
Page 57 and 58: Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
Page 61 and 62: Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
Page 65 and 66: These levels decreased, although ch
Page 67 and 68: treatment group and no effects were
Page 69 and 70: esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
Page 71 and 72: MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
Page 73 and 74: Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
Page 75 and 76: was relatively heterogeneous. No de
Page 77 and 78: used included respiratory symptoms,
Page 79 and 80: Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
Page 81 and 82: Positive results were reported with
Page 83 and 84: Welding method Electrode Base metal
Page 85 and 86: A significant increase in chromatid
Page 87 and 88: treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
Page 89 and 90: The mortality experiences of the tw
Page 91 and 92: Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94: Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
Page 95 and 96: Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
Page 97 and 98: “are known, and in this study too
Page 99 and 100: Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
Page 101 and 102: out stainless steel welding in the
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contact. The available human data p
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Effects on reproduction No studies
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Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
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Reference Process Work piece materi
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No deaths occurred in any treatment
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Human data No studies are available
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mg of dust per animal. In another t
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(Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
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Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
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Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
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Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
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112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
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Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
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IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
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Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
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Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
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Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
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Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
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Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
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Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
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Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
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Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
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Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
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Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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