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1 METALLIC STAINLESS STEEL This section is concerned with metallic stainless steel, which is supplied either in the massive form (long products or flat products) or in the powdered form. The purpose of this section is to review available data concerning the health effects of metallic stainless steel and, on the basis of this, to assess the hazards and ensuing risks. 1.1 Metallic stainless steel: massive 1.1.1 General information Stainless steels are defined according to the European Standard EN 10088 as ironbased alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium and a maximum of 1.2% carbon (British Standards Institution 1995). Stainless steels may contain nickel as another major alloying element, with a content of up to 38%. Other alloying elements may be present including molybdenum (0-8%), manganese (0-11%), silicon and copper (0- 3% each). Titanium and niobium may be present as stabilisers. One of the most important properties of stainless steels is resistance to corrosion. Corrosion resistance in stainless steels is provided by a passive surface film which acts as a barrier between the alloy and the surrounding medium. The passive film is a continuous, non-porous and insoluble film which, if broken under normal conditions, is self-healing. Of all the constituent elements of stainless steel, chromium plays the most important role in the formation and stabilisation of the passive film; raising the chromium content of stainless steel above the minimum content of 10.5% increases the stability of the passive film. Other elements may also contribute to the passive film: molybdenum plays a role in its stabilisation; nickel plays a role in promoting repassivation. Stainless steels are sub-divided into a number of categories according to their metallurgical structure: ferritic steels; martensitic steels; austenitic steels; austeniticferritic steels; and precipitation-hardening steels. A description of each stainless steel family is presented in Table 1.1, together with information on physical properties, elemental composition and examples of some applications. 1
Table 1.1 Identity of stainless steels Stainless steel family Description Composition (examples) Typical applications Martensitic group Stainless steels of 400 series; capable of being heat treated to wide range of hardness and strength levels. Ferritic group Stainless steels in 400 series; used for corrosion resistance and resistance to sealing at high temperatures, rather than for high strength; non-hardenable by heat treating; always magnetic. Austenitic group All stainless steels in the 200 and 300 series; have excellent formability and corrosion resistance; non-hardenable by heat treating; non-magnetic in annealed condition and depending on composition; become slightly magnetic when cold worked. Duplex alloys group Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels; based on 2205 alloy; have a mixture of austenitic and ferrite in their structure; nitrogen added to improve corrosion resistance and strength. 2 Type AISI 410: carbon 0.11% chromium 12% Type AISI 430: carbon 0.05% chromium 16.5% Type AISI 304: carbon 0.04% chromium 18.2% nickel 8.7% Alloy AISI 2205: carbon 0.02% chromium 22% nickel 5.5% molybdenum 3% nitrogen 0.14% Bolts, nuts, screws, cutlery, scissors, knife blades, surgical equipment, springs, beater bars for paper mills. Vehicle mufflers and catalytic converters, containers, vehicle trim, kitchen trim and equipment, drums and tubs for washing machines, drums for dryers, heat exchangers, oil burner parts, interior architectural trim. Architectural trim, vehicle wheel cover, railroad car bodies, chemical processing equipment, food processing and handling equipment, hospital equipment, dairy equipment, beverage equipment, pharmaceutical equipment, petrol refining equipment. Pipe and tube applications, petrochemical equipment, pulp and paper processing machinery and equipment.
Page 1 and 2: MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
Page 3 and 4: 3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
Page 5 and 6: Within the review, each section is
Page 7 and 8: Results from a single intra-muscula
Page 9 and 10: studies are often based on small nu
Page 11 and 12: The toxicological database for fume
Page 13: PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
Page 17 and 18: There are several different systems
Page 19 and 20: method have been used in some of th
Page 21 and 22: grade was tested, an austenitic sta
Page 23 and 24: pick-up of nickel and chromium when
Page 25 and 26: Human data Patch-testing studies Se
Page 27 and 28: does not allow any conclusions to b
Page 29 and 30: Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
Page 31 and 32: Other studies reviewed in this sect
Page 33 and 34: Human data on the effects of prolon
Page 35 and 36: Exposure to stainless steel powder
Page 37 and 38: Prolonged exposure Information on t
Page 39 and 40: In view of the chemical/physical pr
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
Page 45 and 46: 2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
Page 47 and 48: survey, there was no evidence of an
Page 49 and 50: The "exposure" variable used by the
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
Page 53 and 54: Consideration against classificatio
Page 55 and 56: 3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
Page 57 and 58: Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
Page 61 and 62: Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
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These levels decreased, although ch
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treatment group and no effects were
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esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
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MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
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Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
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was relatively heterogeneous. No de
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used included respiratory symptoms,
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Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
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Positive results were reported with
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Welding method Electrode Base metal
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A significant increase in chromatid
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treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
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The mortality experiences of the tw
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Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
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Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
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Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
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“are known, and in this study too
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Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
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out stainless steel welding in the
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contact. The available human data p
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Effects on reproduction No studies
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Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
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Reference Process Work piece materi
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No deaths occurred in any treatment
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Human data No studies are available
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mg of dust per animal. In another t
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(Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
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Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
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Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
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Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
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112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
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Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
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IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
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Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
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Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
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Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
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Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
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Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
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Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
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Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
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Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
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Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
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Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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