manufacture, processing and use of stainless steel - International ...

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CONTENTS PREAMBLE .......................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... ii ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. ix 1 METALLIC STAINLESS STEEL ......................................................... 1 1.1 METALLIC STAINLESS STEEL : MASSIVE ....................................... 1 1.1.1 General Information .................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Information on Exposure ........................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Toxicokinetics ............................................................................................ 11 1.1.4 Toxicity....................................................................................................... 11 1.2 METALLIC STAINLESS STEEL : POWDER ........................................ 21 1.3 HAZARD ASSESSMENT ........................................................................ 22 1.4 RISK ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 25 1.5 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS ................................................................ 25 2. STAINLESS STEEL MANUFACTURE ............................................... 27 2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................... 27 2.3 TOXICOKINETICS .................................................................................. 32 2.4 TOXICITY ................................................................................................ 32 2.5 HAZARD ASSESSMENT ....................................................................... 39 2.6 RISK ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 40 2.7 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS ................................................................ 41 3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING .................................................... 3.1 WELDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ....................................................... 42 3.1.1 General Information .................................................................................. 42 3.1.2 Information on Exposure ........................................................................... 46 3.1.3 Toxicokinetics ............................................................................................ 50 3.1.4 Toxicity ...................................................................................................... 53 3.1.5 Hazard Assessment .................................................................................... 88 3.1.6 Risk Assessment ......................................................................................... 92 3.1.7 Future Research needs .............................................................................. 92 42
3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...................................................... 93 3.2.1 General Information .................................................................................. 93 3.2.2 Information on Exposure ........................................................................... 93 3.2.3 Toxicokinetics ............................................................................................ 97 3.2.4 Toxicity ...................................................................................................... 97 3.2.5 Hazard Assessment .................................................................................... 107 3.2.6 Risk Assessment ......................................................................................... 108 3.2.7 Future Research needs .............................................................................. 109 3.3 OTHER PROCESSES ............................................................................... 109 3.3.1 Cutting of stainless steel ............................................................................ 109 3.3.2 Polishing of stainless steel ......................................................................... 111 3.3.3 Forming of stainless steel .......................................................................... 111 APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................ 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 114 REFERENCE LIST ............................................................................................ 124
Page 1: MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
Page 5 and 6: Within the review, each section is
Page 7 and 8: Results from a single intra-muscula
Page 9 and 10: studies are often based on small nu
Page 11 and 12: The toxicological database for fume
Page 13 and 14: PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
Page 15 and 16: Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
Page 17 and 18: There are several different systems
Page 19 and 20: method have been used in some of th
Page 21 and 22: grade was tested, an austenitic sta
Page 23 and 24: pick-up of nickel and chromium when
Page 25 and 26: Human data Patch-testing studies Se
Page 27 and 28: does not allow any conclusions to b
Page 29 and 30: Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
Page 31 and 32: Other studies reviewed in this sect
Page 33 and 34: Human data on the effects of prolon
Page 35 and 36: Exposure to stainless steel powder
Page 37 and 38: Prolonged exposure Information on t
Page 39 and 40: In view of the chemical/physical pr
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
Page 45 and 46: 2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
Page 47 and 48: survey, there was no evidence of an
Page 49 and 50: The "exposure" variable used by the
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
Page 53 and 54:
Consideration against classificatio
Page 55 and 56:
3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
Page 57 and 58:
Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
Page 59 and 60:
3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
Page 61 and 62:
Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
Page 63 and 64:
Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
Page 65 and 66:
These levels decreased, although ch
Page 67 and 68:
treatment group and no effects were
Page 69 and 70:
esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
Page 71 and 72:
MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
Page 73 and 74:
Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
Page 75 and 76:
was relatively heterogeneous. No de
Page 77 and 78:
used included respiratory symptoms,
Page 79 and 80:
Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
Page 81 and 82:
Positive results were reported with
Page 83 and 84:
Welding method Electrode Base metal
Page 85 and 86:
A significant increase in chromatid
Page 87 and 88:
treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
Page 89 and 90:
The mortality experiences of the tw
Page 91 and 92:
Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94:
Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
Page 95 and 96:
Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
Page 97 and 98:
“are known, and in this study too
Page 99 and 100:
Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
Page 101 and 102:
out stainless steel welding in the
Page 103 and 104:
contact. The available human data p
Page 105 and 106:
Effects on reproduction No studies
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
Page 109 and 110:
Reference Process Work piece materi
Page 111 and 112:
No deaths occurred in any treatment
Page 113 and 114:
Human data No studies are available
Page 115 and 116:
mg of dust per animal. In another t
Page 117 and 118:
(Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
Page 121 and 122:
Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
Page 123 and 124:
Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
Page 125 and 126:
112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
Page 127 and 128:
BBBBBBBBIIIIIIIIBBBBBBBBLLLLLLLLIII
Page 129 and 130:
Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
Page 131 and 132:
IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
Page 133 and 134:
Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
Page 135 and 136:
Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
Page 137 and 138:
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Page 139 and 140:
Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
Page 141 and 142:
Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
Page 143 and 144:
Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
Page 145 and 146:
Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
Page 147 and 148:
Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
Page 149 and 150:
Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
Page 151 and 152:
Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
Page 153 and 154:
Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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