manufacture, processing and use of stainless steel - International ...

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Effects on reproduction No studies are available which have investigated the effect of metallic stainless steels on reproduction, either in animals or in humans. Consideration against classification criteria: In the absence of any data, there is no basis for classifying metallic stainless steels for effects on reproduction. 1.4 Risk assessment Data concerning the health effects of metallic stainless steel, reported in the hazard assessment, meet none of the criteria for classification. Consequently, most of the metallic stainless steels concerned are considered as presenting negligible risk to human health. In view of the skin reactions that have occurred under experimental conditions with AISI 303, it is considered that the health effects associated with this stainless steel grade should be evaluated as part of a risk assessment with the aim of clarifying any associated risk. The results of patch-testing studies in humans, in conjunction with investigations of nickel release, indicate that prolonged skin contact with stainless steel AISI 303 may elicit skin reactions in nickel-sensitised subjects. The available data indicate that AISI 303 is not widely used and that its production represents a very small proportion of stainless steel production as a whole. Nevertheless, should AISI 303 be used in applications in which prolonged skin contact occurs, there may be a risk of it eliciting skin responses in a small proportion of nickel-sensitised subjects. In the absence of any toxicological data to indicate otherwise, there appears to be no identifiable hazard specifically associated with metallic stainless steel in the powdered form. As stainless steel powders present the potential for inhalation exposure in the occupational setting, it is deemed appropriate to treat stainless steel powders as for any dusts and to control exposure by the appropriate exposure limits where these exist. In the UK, dusts are controlled by a limit of 10 mg/m 3 (total inhalable dust) or 4 mg/m 3 (respirable dust). If exposure levels are controlled according to these limits, then the risk to health is considered to be negligible. 1.5 Future research needs The available information on metallic stainless steel in the massive form indicates that there are gaps in the database for many of the toxicological end-points. No data have been published relating to acute toxicity, skin and eye irritancy, mutagenicity, and effects on reproduction. For several other end-points, such as carcinogenicity, effects of prolonged exposure and induction of skin sensitisation, the data are very limited. 25
In view of the chemical/physical properties of stainless steels and the associated nickel-release data, there appears to be little reason based on bioavailability for suggesting that further testing of metallic stainless steel in the massive form is warranted. However, issues raised by the current classification of some stainless steels as skin sensitisers and carcinogens, on the basis of nickel content, indicate the need for some additional testing to explore the appropriateness of such classification. With regard to skin sensitisation, animal tests using a modified Buehler test method may generate some useful information for those stainless steel grades with the highest associated nickel release. None of the standard animal carcinogenicity tests currently available are considered likely to generate useful information, due to practical difficulties associated with dosing procedures. The carcinogenicity issue may be partly explored by examining the fate of any nickel or chromium released from stainless steel within biological systems (e.g. in vitro studies of cellular uptake, in vivo distribution studies), with a view to establishing whether nickel or chromium has potential to reach the target molecule (DNA). 26
Page 1 and 2: MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
Page 3 and 4: 3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
Page 5 and 6: Within the review, each section is
Page 7 and 8: Results from a single intra-muscula
Page 9 and 10: studies are often based on small nu
Page 11 and 12: The toxicological database for fume
Page 13 and 14: PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
Page 15 and 16: Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
Page 17 and 18: There are several different systems
Page 19 and 20: method have been used in some of th
Page 21 and 22: grade was tested, an austenitic sta
Page 23 and 24: pick-up of nickel and chromium when
Page 25 and 26: Human data Patch-testing studies Se
Page 27 and 28: does not allow any conclusions to b
Page 29 and 30: Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
Page 31 and 32: Other studies reviewed in this sect
Page 33 and 34: Human data on the effects of prolon
Page 35 and 36: Exposure to stainless steel powder
Page 37: Prolonged exposure Information on t
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
Page 45 and 46: 2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
Page 47 and 48: survey, there was no evidence of an
Page 49 and 50: The "exposure" variable used by the
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
Page 53 and 54: Consideration against classificatio
Page 55 and 56: 3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
Page 57 and 58: Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
Page 61 and 62: Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
Page 65 and 66: These levels decreased, although ch
Page 67 and 68: treatment group and no effects were
Page 69 and 70: esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
Page 71 and 72: MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
Page 73 and 74: Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
Page 75 and 76: was relatively heterogeneous. No de
Page 77 and 78: used included respiratory symptoms,
Page 79 and 80: Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
Page 81 and 82: Positive results were reported with
Page 83 and 84: Welding method Electrode Base metal
Page 85 and 86: A significant increase in chromatid
Page 87 and 88: treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
Page 89 and 90:
The mortality experiences of the tw
Page 91 and 92:
Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94:
Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
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Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
Page 97 and 98:
“are known, and in this study too
Page 99 and 100:
Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
Page 101 and 102:
out stainless steel welding in the
Page 103 and 104:
contact. The available human data p
Page 105 and 106:
Effects on reproduction No studies
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
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Reference Process Work piece materi
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No deaths occurred in any treatment
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Human data No studies are available
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mg of dust per animal. In another t
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(Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
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Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
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Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
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112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
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Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
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IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
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Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
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Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
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Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
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Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
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Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
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Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
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Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
Page 149 and 150:
Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
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Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
Page 153 and 154:
Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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