manufacture, processing and use of stainless steel - International ...

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ABBREVIATIONS AIBI β-aminoisobutyric acid AISI American Iron and Steel Institute AOD argon oxygen decarburization AWS American Welding Society B-Cr blood chromium concentration BHK Baby Hamster Kidney BSI British Standards Institution CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary CI confidence interval DMG dimethylglyoxime test DMSO dimethlysulphoxide DNA deoxyribonucleic acid EAF electric arc furnace EC European Community EU European Union FCAW flux metal arc welding FCW flux cored electrode welding FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second FVC forced vital capacity GMAW gas metal arc welding GTAW gas tungsten arc welding HGPRT hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase HSE Health and Safety Executive (UK) IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ICDRG International Contact Dermatitis Research Group IgE immunoglobulin E IgG immunoglobulin G i.m. intramuscular i.p. intraperitoneal i.t. intratracheal i.v. intravenous LEV local exhaust ventilation LOD limit of detection LTT lymphocytic transformation test MAG metal active gas MEF maximum expiratory flow MIG metal inert gas MIG/SS metal inert gas/stainless steel MMA manual metal arc MMA/SS manual metal arc/stainless steel NAG N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase n.d. not detectable NOAEL no observed adverse effect level OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OR odds ratio PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAW plasma arc welding ix
PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD particle size distribution PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene RAST radioallergoimmunosorbent test RBC red blood cells RNA ribonucleic acid RR relative risk s.c. sub-cutaneous SCE sister chromatid exchange SMAW shielded metal arc welding SMR standardised mortality ratio t1/2 half-life TIG tungsten inert gas TWA time-weighted average U-Cr urinary chromium U-Ni urinary nickel UDS unscheduled DNA synthesis VC vital capacity x
Page 1 and 2: MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
Page 3 and 4: 3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
Page 5 and 6: Within the review, each section is
Page 7 and 8: Results from a single intra-muscula
Page 9 and 10: studies are often based on small nu
Page 11: The toxicological database for fume
Page 15 and 16: Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
Page 17 and 18: There are several different systems
Page 19 and 20: method have been used in some of th
Page 21 and 22: grade was tested, an austenitic sta
Page 23 and 24: pick-up of nickel and chromium when
Page 25 and 26: Human data Patch-testing studies Se
Page 27 and 28: does not allow any conclusions to b
Page 29 and 30: Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
Page 31 and 32: Other studies reviewed in this sect
Page 33 and 34: Human data on the effects of prolon
Page 35 and 36: Exposure to stainless steel powder
Page 37 and 38: Prolonged exposure Information on t
Page 39 and 40: In view of the chemical/physical pr
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
Page 45 and 46: 2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics i
Page 47 and 48: survey, there was no evidence of an
Page 49 and 50: The "exposure" variable used by the
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
Page 53 and 54: Consideration against classificatio
Page 55 and 56: 3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
Page 57 and 58: Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
Page 61 and 62: Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
Page 63 and 64:
Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
Page 65 and 66:
These levels decreased, although ch
Page 67 and 68:
treatment group and no effects were
Page 69 and 70:
esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
Page 71 and 72:
MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
Page 73 and 74:
Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
Page 75 and 76:
was relatively heterogeneous. No de
Page 77 and 78:
used included respiratory symptoms,
Page 79 and 80:
Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
Page 81 and 82:
Positive results were reported with
Page 83 and 84:
Welding method Electrode Base metal
Page 85 and 86:
A significant increase in chromatid
Page 87 and 88:
treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
Page 89 and 90:
The mortality experiences of the tw
Page 91 and 92:
Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94:
Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
Page 95 and 96:
Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
Page 97 and 98:
“are known, and in this study too
Page 99 and 100:
Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
Page 101 and 102:
out stainless steel welding in the
Page 103 and 104:
contact. The available human data p
Page 105 and 106:
Effects on reproduction No studies
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
Page 109 and 110:
Reference Process Work piece materi
Page 111 and 112:
No deaths occurred in any treatment
Page 113 and 114:
Human data No studies are available
Page 115 and 116:
mg of dust per animal. In another t
Page 117 and 118:
(Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
Page 121 and 122:
Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
Page 123 and 124:
Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
Page 125 and 126:
112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
Page 127 and 128:
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Page 129 and 130:
Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
Page 131 and 132:
IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
Page 133 and 134:
Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
Page 135 and 136:
Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
Page 137 and 138:
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Page 139 and 140:
Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
Page 141 and 142:
Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
Page 143 and 144:
Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
Page 145 and 146:
Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
Page 147 and 148:
Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
Page 149 and 150:
Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
Page 151 and 152:
Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
Page 153 and 154:
Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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