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Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless steel - summary of exposure data in published literature, cont'd. (b) From: Huvinen et al. (1993) Production stage a Total dust concentration (mg/m 3 ) Steel smelting shop b Steel smelting shop c Cold rolling mill d Cold rolling mill e 1.8 (18) 0.8 (5.5) 0.5 (1.8) 0.3 (1.1) No. of samples 153 10 82 49 Total Cr concentration (µg/m 3 ) 30 (432) 66 (459)
2.3 Toxicokinetics Toxicokinetics is concerned with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of substances. Human toxicokinetic data relating to stainless steel manufacture are limited to two studies by the same research group based on workers at an integrated stainless steel production plant (Huvinen et al. 1993; 1997). In the first study, chromium levels were measured in urine and blood samples from workers engaged in stainless steel manufacture: smelting shop workers 9 and workers in the cold rolling mill (Huvinen et al. 1993). Slightly elevated urinary chromium levels in pre- and post-shift samples indicated that some chromium absorption had occurred. Mean U-Cr levels adjusted for specific gravity for four groups of workers ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 µmol/l (1.04–2.08 µg/l) 10 . Levels of chromium in whole blood samples (B-Cr) were also reported to be slightly elevated; mean levels of 0.01 µmol/l were reported, although these are at the upper limit of unexposed reference values used by clinical laboratories in the UK. This study, which focused on exposure to chromium, provided evidence that some absorption of chromium occurs in stainless steel production workers. The second study investigated the retention of dust in the lungs of stainless steel production workers in the same plant (Huvinen et al. 1997). The study employed a technique called magnetopneumography, a non-invasive technique which indirectly measures the lung load of magnetic particles. Of the two groups of stainless steel production workers investigated, smelting shop workers had a slightly elevated lung load of magnetic material compared to controls; workers in the cold rolling mill showed no increase. However, as subjects were selected partly on the basis of “documented higher dust exposure levels”, these results may not be very representative. Further, the study provided no details of the control group. This study therefore contributes limited information to the subject of ‘Toxicokinetics’. 2.4 Toxicity Acute toxicity, skin/eye irritation, and sensitisation No studies are available which have investigated acute toxicity, skin or eye irritation, or sensitisation resulting from exposure during the manufacture of stainless steels. Effects of repeated exposure in humans Only one study is available which has investigated long-term effects on health among workers engaged in the manufacture of stainless steel: in a unique facility comprising an integrated chromite mine, stainless steel smelter and rolling mill, respiratory 9 The term “smelting shop” was used in this study. The smelting shop is where melting of ferrochromium alloy and addition of stainless steel scrap took place; this appears to correspond to the “melting” stage referred to in Section 2.2 of this review. 10 U-Cr levels in unexposed subjects have been reported as 0.125 µg/l (Kiilunen et al. 1987) and 0.18- 1.60 µg/l (Angerer et al. 1987). 32
Page 1 and 2: MANUFACTURE, PROCESSING AND USE OF
Page 3 and 4: 3.2 GRINDING OF STAINLESS STEEL ...
Page 5 and 6: Within the review, each section is
Page 7 and 8: Results from a single intra-muscula
Page 9 and 10: studies are often based on small nu
Page 11 and 12: The toxicological database for fume
Page 13 and 14: PEFR peak expiratory flow rate PSD
Page 15 and 16: Table 1.1 Identity of stainless ste
Page 17 and 18: There are several different systems
Page 19 and 20: method have been used in some of th
Page 21 and 22: grade was tested, an austenitic sta
Page 23 and 24: pick-up of nickel and chromium when
Page 25 and 26: Human data Patch-testing studies Se
Page 27 and 28: does not allow any conclusions to b
Page 29 and 30: Schriver et al. (1976) reported a c
Page 31 and 32: Other studies reviewed in this sect
Page 33 and 34: Human data on the effects of prolon
Page 35 and 36: Exposure to stainless steel powder
Page 37 and 38: Prolonged exposure Information on t
Page 39 and 40: In view of the chemical/physical pr
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.1 Production of stainless
Page 43: Table 2.1 Manufacture of stainless
Page 47 and 48: survey, there was no evidence of an
Page 49 and 50: The "exposure" variable used by the
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.2 Epidemiological studies o
Page 53 and 54: Consideration against classificatio
Page 55 and 56: 3 STAINLESS STEEL PROCESSING This s
Page 57 and 58: Arc voltage or arc length Arc volta
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2 Information on exposure Weldi
Page 61 and 62: Reference Akesson & Skerfving (1985
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Elemental composition of
Page 65 and 66: These levels decreased, although ch
Page 67 and 68: treatment group and no effects were
Page 69 and 70: esponses in terms of irritancy, fib
Page 71 and 72: MMA/SS) at approximately 400 mg/m 3
Page 73 and 74: Exposure measure 60 Welders a (n=52
Page 75 and 76: was relatively heterogeneous. No de
Page 77 and 78: used included respiratory symptoms,
Page 79 and 80: Keskinen et al. (1980) reported on
Page 81 and 82: Positive results were reported with
Page 83 and 84: Welding method Electrode Base metal
Page 85 and 86: A significant increase in chromatid
Page 87 and 88: treated with MIG/SS fume. One lung
Page 89 and 90: The mortality experiences of the tw
Page 91 and 92: Moulin et al. 1993b Mortality was s
Page 93 and 94: Moulin 1997 A meta-analysis involvi
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Table 3.3. Epidemiological studies
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“are known, and in this study too
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Bonde et al. (1990) investigated fe
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out stainless steel welding in the
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contact. The available human data p
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Effects on reproduction No studies
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Table 3.4 Grinding of stainless ste
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Reference Process Work piece materi
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No deaths occurred in any treatment
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Human data No studies are available
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mg of dust per animal. In another t
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(Observed 8, Expected 4.7, SMR 170,
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Table 3.5 Epidemiological studies o
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Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity
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Toxicokinetics and toxicity Informa
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112 APPENDIX 1 22.7.94 Official Jou
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Escales F, Galante J, Rostoker W. B
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IARC. Monographs on the evaluation
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Malmqvist KG, Johansson GI, Bohgard
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Simonato L, Fletcher AC, Andersen A
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Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. O
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Furon D, Hilderbrand HF. Research i
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Hooftman RN, Arkesteyn CW, Roza P.
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Koshi K, Yagami T. Chromosomes of c
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Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hex
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Pereira ML. Studies on the permeabi
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Stern RM . Detecting a possible inc
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Toyoshima M, Sato A, Taniguchi M, I
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