Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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powers. On 3 November 1884 the northeast section of the island of New Guinea was declared a German protectorate and on the 6 th November the southeast section of the island was declared a British protectorate (Moore, 1989). The British interest in the south of the island was mainly strategic; they saw little economic advantage to be gained from their colonial possession. The Germans on the other hand saw the colony of New Guinea as an economic venture and hoped to establish profitable trading companies and produce cash crops through the exploitation of a cheap supply of local labour. On the outbreak of WWI the Australian Army took control of German New Guinea and from 1921 to 1942 it was known as the Mandated Territory of New Guinea. It was during this period that the first explorations of the interior of New Guinea took place. The explorations were driven by gold prospectors who had crossed the Bulolo River in 1922 and found gold on the edge of the eastern highlands (Waiko, 1993). Further exploration led, in 1926, to a large find of gold at Eddie Creek which lies close to Wau and Bulolo in the Owen Stanley Ranges. Dredges that were flown in piece by piece by gold mining companies can still be seen scattered along the roadside from Wau to Bulolo and indeed gold prospecting continues there today. It is now on a much smaller scale than in the heyday of the 1930s when the airstrip at Wau was the busiest in the world and received more airfreight than the whole of Australia. Michael Leahy established himself as a gold prospector in Eddie Creek and in the 1930s he went on to mount several prospecting expeditions during which he and his brothers were some of the first westerners to travel to the interior of New Guinea. New Guinea’s interior was not, after all, an uninhabited jumble of cloud-shrouded mountain ranges but the most thickly populated and fertile area in New Guinea and, as we now know, supports in an eternal spring climate the most colourful and decorative primitives in the world (Leahy, 1991). 14
During WWII there was conflict both on mainland New Guinea and on the neighbouring island of New Britain. The conflict increased the awareness of the Australian public to New Guinea, indeed more Australian troops died there during the war than had previously set foot on the island (Waiko, 1993). Australia regained control of the whole of the eastern half of the island in 1945 after partial occupation by Japanese troops. In 1945 the Australian government passed the Papua New Guinea provisional act stating that Papua and New Guinea were to be administered as a single territory (Waiko, 1993). During the period following World War II and until 1975 Papua New Guinea was once again administered by Australia. In 1947, following the Papua New Guinea act the, territories of Papua and New Guinea were administered as the single territory of Papua New Guinea. During the period 1945 to 1960 Australia had attempted to isolate Papua New Guinea from the rest of the world, owing to fears of neighbouring Indonesia’s ambitions for New Guinea and for the potential economic benefits that PNG’s mineral wealth might have to offer. From 1960 Australia came under increasing pressure from the UN and the World Bank to relinquish control of the territory from the United Nations and the World Bank. Decision-making power was gradually devolved to Port Moresby [from Canberra], and greater emphasis was given to indigenous participation in the implementation of policy (Wakai, 1993). The constitutional development leading towards eventual Self-Governance on 1 December 1973 and Independence on 16 September 1975 was a process in which Papua New Guineans contributed significantly to the building of their young nation (Deklin, 1989). However, independence for PNG on 16 September 1975 was not the result of national consensus. The majority of Papua New Guineans were either not concerned, against, or not committed. Instead, the political change was effected by was the doing of a small group of people led 15
Page 2 and 3: Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5: Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7: Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13: Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 17 and 18: initially began due to the impact t
Page 19 and 20: the ‘development’ that they sho
Page 21: Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25 and 26: By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 27 and 28: national park policies for their di
Page 29 and 30: Sustainable Use of Wild Populations
Page 31 and 32: Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41 and 42: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 43 and 44: that IFTA initially enjoyed. The co
Page 45: highly sought after butterflies. Wh
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65:
Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67:
450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69:
This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71:
Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73:
approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75:
delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77:
utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79:
The supplementary income represents
Page 81:
7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 84 and 85:
Addressing the first area of influe
Page 86 and 87:
Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89:
Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91:
(UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93:
Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95:
Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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