Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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enefits that could accrue from mining and forestry projects. They were keen to see the provision of roads and other services regardless of whether the long-term outcome might do more harm than good. When compared to South East Asian countries, PNG’s overall economic growth performance and development between 1976 and 1999 has been relatively erratic, sluggish and falls short of its potential (Gumoi, 2003). Population Growth and Urbanisation Since independence Papua New Guinea has witnessed a high level of population growth, which now lies roughly at 2.3%, and although a large percentage of the population remains in rural areas, urban centres are continuing to expand. The significant movement of people within PNG has occurred since Papua New Guineans first began to work in coastal plantations. Today workers volunteer, but previously for the most part they were pressed into labour (Sillitoe, 2000). An example of displaced populations is in Bulolo in Morobe province. Workers were brought to the area in the 1950s, from the Sepik, in order to work on forestry plantations. Yet now the Bulolo forestry sector is in decline and many of the immigrants descendents are unable to find work. The situation of these people in Bulolo contradicts the common held romantic notion that everybody in Papua New Guinea has land and both the means to grow food and hunt for meat (i.e. that even if people aren’t cash rich they are at least land rich). This is increasingly not the case. People in rural areas feel that they aren’t receiving 18
the ‘development’ that they should be, leading to frustration with their lot and a desire to leave their land to seek jobs in urban areas. There has been a belief within rural communities since the 1950s that the towns of Papua New Guinea are places where one could earn cash and, with that cash, gain the desirable products of a modernising economy (Skeldon, 1978). This is opposed to the situation that was and still is found in isolated rural areas where both cash and the trappings of modernity are lacking. However, most of the migrants to urban areas have been unable to cash in on the modern economy that is emerging in Papua New Guinea. With Papua New Guinea in the middle of an economic downturn job prospects in the country’s urban centres are low. Throughout there is a very low level of confidence in the integrity of the government and many of the rural population are disheartened with what they perceive as many years of neglect and empty promises by a succession of weak and corrupt governments. A direct consequence of urban immigration, poverty and deprivation has been the development of a high crime rate in urban areas. Crime is a major problem within centres such as Mt. Hagen, Wewak, Lae and Port Moresby. Fear and a siege mentality have taken over many people and not only within the expatriate community. The 1980s saw the beginning of high barbed wire fences, guard dogs and armed guards - features that are now widespread throughout Papua New Guinea (Harris, 1988). Rascal is the Pidgin English word for any type of criminal within Papua New Guinea and is in common usage. The rise of rascalism has been ineffectually tackled by an under trained and undermanned police 19
Page 2 and 3: Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5: Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7: Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 15 and 16: During WWII there was conflict both
Page 17: initially began due to the impact t
Page 21: Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25 and 26: By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 27 and 28: national park policies for their di
Page 29 and 30: Sustainable Use of Wild Populations
Page 31 and 32: Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41 and 42: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 43 and 44: that IFTA initially enjoyed. The co
Page 45: highly sought after butterflies. Wh
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65: Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67: 450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69:
This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71:
Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73:
approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75:
delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77:
utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79:
The supplementary income represents
Page 81:
7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 84 and 85:
Addressing the first area of influe
Page 86 and 87:
Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89:
Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91:
(UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93:
Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95:
Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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